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Tartışma ve fikir bildirme

228 kelime

fiil C2

çürütmek, reddetmek

to argue against something, especially an argument or claim, in order to prove it false or invalid

The student tried to rebut the professor's statement during the lecture.

  • Researchers often rebut previous findings when new data emerges.
  • In the debate, she skillfully rebutted every point her opponent made.
  • The article rebuts the common misconception that all plastics are non-recyclable.
  • Despite strong evidence, some critics continue to rebut the theory of climate change.
  • rebut an argument · bir argümanı çürütmek The lawyer managed to rebut the argument presented by the prosecution.
  • rebut a claim · bir iddiayı reddetmek Scientists rebut the claim that the new drug has no side effects.
  • rebut a claim The company rebutted the claim.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: refute
zıt: support

zarf C1

böylece, bu yüzden

in this way; as a result; consequently

The study was poorly designed, thus its findings are questionable.

  • Thus, the author argues that climate change is an urgent global issue.
  • thus far · şu ana kadar Thus far the experiment has yielded promising results.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: therefore
daha basit: so

bağlaç C1

oysa, -iken

introducing a contrast or comparison between two statements or facts

She enjoys hiking, whereas her brother prefers swimming.

  • The old model is cheap, whereas the new version costs much more.
  • Whereas many students study alone, some form study groups for support.
  • The report highlights successes, whereas it downplays the challenges faced during the experiment.
  • Whereas the legislation was intended to protect consumers, critics argue it imposes unnecessary burdens on small businesses.
  • whereas the · öte yandan ... The north side is sunny, whereas the south side is shaded.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: while
daha basit: but

isim C1

anlaşmazlık, tartışma

a disagreement or argument about something, especially a matter of fact or opinion

The students had a dispute about the grading criteria in class.

  • Local residents entered a dispute with the council over the new parking plan.
  • The dispute over water rights escalated into a regional conflict.
  • International mediators were called in to resolve the long-standing border dispute.
  • Despite numerous attempts at negotiation, the legal dispute remained unresolved for years.
  • legal dispute · hukuki anlaşmazlık The two companies are involved in a legal dispute over patent rights.
  • border dispute · sınır anlaşmazlığı The border dispute between the neighboring states has lasted for decades.
  • a dispute about sth Scientists continue to dispute about the causes of climate change.
  • a dispute with sb She had a dispute with her supervisor regarding the project deadline.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: argument conflict
zıt: agreement

fiil C1

tartışmak, itiraz etmek

to argue about something; to question the validity or truth of something

The two friends dispute the best way to study for the exam.

  • During the meeting, several members dispute the proposed budget cuts.
  • The journalist disputes the official figures released by the government.
  • International courts often dispute the legality of military interventions.
  • Scholars continue to dispute the interpretation of ancient texts despite extensive research.
  • dispute the results · sonuçları tartışmak Scientists continue to dispute the results of the controversial study.
  • dispute sth He disputed the referee's decision.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: argue question
zıt: agree accept

zarf C1

yine de, buna rağmen

in spite of that; however

The weather was cold; nevertheless, we went for a walk.

  • She missed the bus, nevertheless she arrived at school on time.
  • The project faced many setbacks; nevertheless, the team completed it before the deadline.
  • nevertheless + clause · buna rağmen + cümle

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: still

zarf C1

dahası, ayrıca

in addition; moreover

The experiment showed promising results; furthermore, it was cost-effective.

  • She completed the assignment on time, and furthermore, she helped her classmates.
  • The article discusses climate change, and furthermore, it examines policy responses.
  • Researchers found a link between sleep and memory, and furthermore, they identified underlying mechanisms.
  • The conference highlighted recent advances in AI, and furthermore, it explored ethical implications.
  • furthermore · dahası Furthermore, the study reveals a significant correlation between diet and health.
  • furthermore + clause · dahası, ...

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: moreover also

isim C1

1savunucu, destekçi

a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy

The student became an advocate for campus recycling programs.

  • Local residents view her as a strong advocate of public transportation.
  • During the debate, he acted as an advocate for the minority viewpoint.
  • Her persuasive speeches made her a respected advocate of gender equality in academia.
  • International NGOs often seek seasoned advocates to lobby governments on climate policy.
  • human-rights advocate · insan hakları savunucusu She has worked for years as a human-rights advocate.
  • environmental advocate · çevre savunucusu The council invited an environmental advocate to the meeting.
  • an advocate of sth He is an advocate of renewable energy.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: supporter
zıt: opponent

2avukat, hukukçu

a professional who is qualified to represent clients in a court of law

The advocate presented new evidence during the trial.

  • After graduating, she passed the bar exam and became a licensed advocate.
  • The senior advocate argued the case before the Supreme Court with confidence.
  • In complex corporate litigation, an experienced advocate can make a decisive difference.
  • Legal scholars often analyze how advocates shape jurisprudence through persuasive oral arguments.
  • court advocate · mahkeme avukatı She was hired as a court advocate for the civil case.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: lawyer

fiil C1

savunmak, desteklemek

to publicly recommend or support a particular cause, policy, or course of action

The student advocates for more scholarships at the university.

  • Many NGOs advocate for human rights across the globe.
  • She advocates that the curriculum include more practical exercises.
  • The professor advocated for a shift toward interdisciplinary research in the department.
  • International bodies often advocate for sustainable development to address climate change.
  • advocate for · savunmak, desteklemek She strongly advocates for environmental protection.
  • advocate change · değişikliği savunmak The organization advocates change in the education system.
  • advocate that … The committee advocated that the policy be revised.
  • advocate for sth He advocates for equal voting rights.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: support
zıt: oppose

isim C1

uzlaşma, taviz

an agreement in which each side makes concessions

The students and teachers reached a compromise about the exam schedule.

  • The intricate balance between scientific rigor and public accessibility often requires a nuanced compromise.
  • reach a compromise · uzlaşmaya varmak After hours of debate, the parties finally reached a compromise.
  • reach a compromise on sth They reached a compromise on the budget.
  • make a compromise She made a compromise to keep the project moving forward.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: settlement
daha basit: deal

fiil C1

1tehlikeye atmak, zedelemek

to put something or someone at risk of damage or loss

The weak password can compromise the whole system.

  • Leaving the door open may compromise the building's security.
  • His careless remarks compromised his credibility among colleagues.
  • The outdated software compromised the university's data protection measures.
  • Political interference compromised the independence of the investigative committee.
  • compromise security · güvenliği tehlikeye atmak The hack could compromise security of the entire network.
  • compromise safety · güvenliği zedelemek Skipping the safety checks may compromise safety on the construction site.
  • be compromised by sth The decision was compromised by political pressure.
  • compromise one's reputation He compromised his reputation with careless remarks.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: endanger
daha basit: risk
zıt: protect

2uzlaşmak, ödün vermek

to reach an agreement by making mutual concessions

The managers compromised to finish the project on time.

  • Negotiators often compromise to prevent a deadlock.
  • In order to keep the partnership, both sides had to compromise on several terms.
  • The council compromised on the zoning plan after months of heated debate.
  • compromise on policy · politikada uzlaşmak The committee decided to compromise on the policy to gain broader support.
  • compromise with sb The two companies compromised with each other to avoid a lawsuit.
  • compromise on sth Neither side would compromise on the issue.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

isim C1

1fark, ayrım

the act or state of recognizing or treating something as different or separate

In philosophy, making a distinction between mind and body is essential.

  • The contract includes a distinction of responsibilities for each party.
  • Readers often overlook the distinction between literal and figurative language.
  • Advanced scholars debate the distinction between epistemology and ontology.
  • The professor explained the distinction between correlation and causation.
  • draw a distinction · ayırmak, fark koymak She draws a distinction between theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
  • a distinction between … and … There is a subtle distinction between 'affect' and 'effect' in English.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2üstünlük, ayrıcalık

a mark of honor or excellence that sets someone or something apart from others

The award recognized her distinction in scientific research.

  • His performance earned him a distinction among his peers.
  • The school offers a distinction for students who maintain a GPA above 3.9.
  • Critics praised the film for its artistic distinction and originality.
  • Achieving distinction in a competitive field requires dedication and innovation.
  • receive a distinction · bir ayrıcalık/üstünlük elde etmek She received a distinction for her thesis on renewable energy.
  • with distinction · üstün başarıyla He graduated with distinction from the university.
  • with distinction She graduated with distinction.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: honor

sıfat C1

1akılcı, mantıklı

characterized by the use of reason or logic rather than emotion or instinct

The manager gave a rational explanation for the delay.

  • Students should adopt a rational approach when solving complex equations.
  • Her rational attitude helped the team stay calm during the crisis.
  • Even though the news was shocking, he remained rational and analyzed the facts.
  • The professor praised the paper for its rational structure and clear reasoning.
  • rational decision · mantıklı karar She made a rational decision after reviewing all the data.
  • rational argument · akılcı argüman His rational argument convinced the committee to change the policy.
  • be rational about sth It is important to be rational about risk when investing.
  • a rational decision She made a rational decision.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

zıt: irrational

2rasyonel

relating to or expressed as a ratio of two integers

All integers are rational numbers by definition.

  • The teacher asked us to convert the decimal into a rational form.
  • In algebra, a rational expression is often simplified before solving.
  • She proved that the sum of two rational numbers is also rational.
  • The research paper discussed the properties of rational approximations in numerical analysis.
  • rational number · rasyonel sayı 3/4 is a rational number because it can be expressed as a fraction.
  • rational expression · rasyonel ifade The textbook explains how to simplify a rational expression.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

zıt: irrational

zarf C1

muhtemelen, büyük ihtimalle

used to indicate that something is assumed to be true or is taken for granted

Presumably, the meeting will start at nine o'clock.

  • The scientist presumed the experiment would succeed, and presumably it did.
  • Researchers presume the new theory is valid, and presumably it will be tested soon.
  • Although the data are incomplete, the authors presumably conclude that the hypothesis holds.
  • Presumably, the policy changes will affect international trade agreements in the coming years.
  • presumably true · muhtemelen doğru The results are presumably true based on the data presented.
  • presumably correct · muhtemelen doğru Her answer was presumably correct, but the professor asked for clarification.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

zarf C1

özellikle, dikkate değer bir şekilde

to a noticeable degree; especially; in a way that attracts attention

The professor was notably enthusiastic during the lecture.

  • She performed notably well in the midterm exam.
  • The city's traffic congestion is notably worse during rush hour.
  • Researchers found the phenomenon notably significant in their study of climate change.
  • Critics argued that the novel's themes were notably underdeveloped compared to the author's earlier works.
benzer: remarkably
daha basit: especially
zıt: generally

phrasal verb C1

(artısını eksisini) tartmak, değerlendirmek

to think carefully about the good and bad parts of a situation before deciding

You need to weigh up the pros and cons.

  • She weighed up her options.
benzer: consider assess

sıfat C1

alakasız, ilgisiz, önemsiz

not connected with or applicable to something; having no bearing on the matter at hand.

Many details in the article are irrelevant for a quick summary.

  • The lawyer argued that the evidence was irrelevant to the case.
  • Although interesting, the anecdote is irrelevant to the main argument of the paper.
  • Scholars often discard irrelevant data to focus on variables that directly affect the hypothesis.
  • The teacher said the student's question was irrelevant to the lesson.
  • irrelevant to the discussion · tartışmayla alakasız His comments were irrelevant to the discussion about climate policy.
  • irrelevant information · önemsiz bilgi The report contained a lot of irrelevant information that confused readers.
  • be irrelevant to sth This data is irrelevant to our current research objectives.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: unrelated
zıt: relevant

sıfat C1

etkileyici, ikna edici

causing someone to feel a strong desire to believe or do something; convincing and powerful.

The documentary offers a compelling view of climate change impacts.

  • Her speech was so compelling that the audience gave a standing ovation.
  • Researchers found compelling evidence linking diet to mental health.
  • The professor's compelling lecture sparked a lively debate among students.
  • Despite initial doubts, the compelling results convinced the board to approve the project.
  • compelling argument · ikna edici argüman The lawyer presented a compelling argument that swayed the jury.
  • compelling evidence · ikna edici kanıt Scientists gathered compelling evidence to support the new theory.
  • compelling reason · ikna edici neden There is a compelling reason to invest in renewable energy.
  • compelling evidence There is compelling evidence against him.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

isim C1

1çatışma, anlaşmazlık

a serious disagreement or argument between people or groups

The students had a clash during the debate about campus fees.

  • Their political views led to a clash that lasted several weeks.
  • A clash erupted when the protestors met the police at the square.
  • The clash between the two departments caused delays in the project.
  • International leaders must avoid clashes that could jeopardize global stability.
  • clash of opinions · fikir çatışması The meeting ended in a clash of opinions about the new policy.
  • clash between rivals · rakipler arasındaki çatışma
  • clash with sth The two parties clashed with each other over the budget cuts.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: dispute conflict
zıt: harmony

2çarpışma, çarpışma olayı

a violent collision between two objects or forces

A loud clash was heard when the metal beams hit each other.

  • Engineers analyzed the clash between the bridge components to improve safety.
  • clash of swords · kılıç çarpışması The duel ended with a loud clash of swords.
  • the clash of sth We heard the clash of swords.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: collision impact

zarf C1

belki de, denebilir ki, muhtemelen

in a manner that can be argued or supported as true

The new policy is arguably more effective than the old one.

  • Scientists claim that this method is arguably the most efficient for data analysis.
  • While some scholars find the theory compelling, others say it is arguably too speculative for practical use.
  • In the context of climate research, this model is arguably the most reliable tool available today.
  • arguably the best He is arguably the best player in the league.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: possibly

zarf C1

kesinlikle, şüphesiz

to a very high degree of certainty; without any doubt

Undoubtedly, the teacher praised the student's effort.

  • The scientist said the data were undoubtedly accurate.
  • Undoubtedly, this novel will become a classic in modern literature.
  • The committee members, after long debate, concluded the proposal was undoubtedly beneficial for the community.
  • Undoubtedly, the complex interplay of variables in the model challenges even seasoned researchers.
  • undoubtedly true · kesinlikle doğru The results are undoubtedly true and reliable.
  • undoubtedly important · kesinlikle önemli This discovery is undoubtedly important for future research.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: certainly
daha basit: surely
zıt: doubtfully

isim C1

gerekçe, haklılık

a reason or explanation that makes an action, belief, or decision seem reasonable or acceptable

The professor asked for a clear justification of the hypothesis.

  • During the meeting, each member gave a brief justification for their budget request.
  • The scientist's justification relied on data collected over several years.
  • Critics argued that the policy lacked sufficient justification to be implemented.
  • In her dissertation, she presented a comprehensive justification for the theoretical framework.
  • provide justification · gerekçe sunmak The researcher must provide justification for the chosen methodology.
  • justification for sth There is no justification for violence.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: reason

isim C1

varsayım, öncül

a statement or proposition that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion is drawn

The premise of the experiment was that temperature affects reaction speed.

  • His argument rests on the premise that all citizens should vote.
  • Scientists questioned the premise that the new drug would have no side effects.
  • The film's premise, a world without gravity, intrigued many viewers.
  • Critics argued that the premise of the policy was fundamentally flawed.
  • basic premise · temel varsayım The basic premise of the theory is that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  • underlying premise · temel öncül The underlying premise of the argument is that all humans have inherent rights.
  • on the premise that … She works on the premise that collaboration leads to better outcomes.
  • the premise of sth The premise of the novel is a dystopian future where technology controls society.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

daha basit: basis
zıt: conclusion

sıfat C1

kararlı, kesin

showing the ability to make decisions quickly and confidently

She gave a decisive answer to the interviewer's question.

  • The coach's decisive tactics turned the game around.
  • His decisive actions prevented the project from failing.
  • In a decisive move, the government announced new climate policies.
  • decisive leader · kararlı lider The company thrived under a decisive leader who acted without hesitation.
  • be decisive about sth He needs to be decisive about his career path.
  • a decisive leader She is a decisive leader.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: determined
zıt: uncertain

sıfat C1

öznel

relating to personal opinions, feelings, or perspectives rather than external facts

She gave a subjective description of the painting during the tour.

  • The judge warned that personal bias could make the ruling subjective.
  • In psychology, researchers study how memory can be subjective and unreliable.
  • His subjective interpretation of the law sparked a heated debate among scholars.
  • Despite the data, the committee's final report remained largely subjective, reflecting individual viewpoints.
  • subjective opinion · öznel görüş Her subjective opinion about the artwork differed from the critics'.
  • subjective experience · öznel deneyim Pain is a highly subjective experience that varies from person to person.
  • subjective assessment · öznel değerlendirme The teacher's subjective assessment of the essay was influenced by personal taste.
  • be subjective about sth Scientists try not to be subjective about the interpretation of data.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: personal
zıt: objective

isim C1

1itiraz

a statement of disagreement or disapproval, especially in a formal or legal context

The committee heard his objection and asked for clarification.

  • She made an objection when the professor suggested a later deadline.
  • His objection was based on the lack of supporting data in the report.
  • Despite the objection, the council approved the new zoning plan.
  • The judge dismissed the objection after reviewing the relevant statutes.
  • raise an objection to sth She raised an objection to the plan.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: protest

2karşı çıkma

the act of expressing a contrary opinion or resistance, often in a debate or discussion

She had an objection to the way the experiment was designed.

  • The manager listened to each objection before making a decision.
  • His objection highlighted a potential flaw in the argument.
  • After several objections, the team revised their presentation.
  • The panel considered every objection before reaching a consensus.
  • strong objection · güçlü karşı çıkma He voiced a strong objection to the new policy.
  • objection raised · karşı çıkma dile getirildi An objection was raised during the negotiation.
  • have an objection to sth Do you have any objection to the proposed timeline?

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

sıfat C1

güvenilir, inanılır

capable of being believed; worthy of trust or confidence

Scientists need credible data before drawing any conclusions about climate change.

  • The company's financial report was deemed credible by independent auditors.
  • Even though the story sounded sensational, the journalist found several credible witnesses.
  • In academic debates, presenting credible arguments is essential for persuading the audience.
  • The teacher said the student's explanation was credible and well-supported.
  • credible evidence · güvenilir kanıt The jury was convinced by the credible evidence presented at trial.
  • credible source · güvenilir kaynak Journalists must verify information with a credible source before publishing.
  • be considered credible The researcher is considered credible by her peers in the field.
  • a credible witness She was a credible witness.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

isim C1

1tartışma, anlaşmazlık

a heated disagreement or argument between parties

Contention grew as the meeting progressed without a clear agenda.

  • The article highlighted the underlying contention between economic growth and environmental protection.
  • Despite attempts at mediation, the longstanding contention between the neighboring countries persisted.
  • intense contention · yoğun tartışma The debate turned into intense contention over the policy.
  • political contention · siyasi anlaşmazlık Political contention has risen after the election results.
  • contention between … and … There was strong contention between the union and management.
  • a point of contention The budget is a point of contention.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: dispute conflict
zıt: agreement

2iddia, savunma

a claim or assertion put forward in an argument

Her main contention is that the policy will increase inequality.

  • The essay presents a clear contention that technology influences social behavior.
  • During the lecture, the professor emphasized the contention that memory is reconstructive.
  • The study's contention that microplastics affect marine life sparked further research.
  • Critics challenged the contention that economic growth automatically leads to higher living standards.
  • underlying contention · temel savunma The underlying contention of his theory is that language shapes thought.
  • contention that … The researchers' contention that early exposure improves cognition was supported by data.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: claim assertion
zıt: refutation

isim C1

ikilem

a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially when each alternative is undesirable or problematic.

He found himself in a dilemma when both job offers had equal benefits.

  • The students were faced with a dilemma about whether to study abroad or stay home.
  • The manager's decision created a dilemma that affected the entire department.
  • Philosophers often analyze complex dilemmas to explore moral reasoning in depth.
  • In international negotiations, leaders must navigate dilemmas that balance national interests with global responsibilities.
  • ethical dilemma · etik ikilem The researcher faced an ethical dilemma when deciding whether to publish the sensitive data.
  • moral dilemma · ahlaki ikilem She experienced a moral dilemma about reporting her colleague's misconduct.
  • be faced with a dilemma The committee is faced with a dilemma about allocating the limited budget.
  • a moral dilemma She faced a moral dilemma.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: predicament
daha basit: problem
zıt: solution

sıfat C1

kusurlu, hatalı

having faults or imperfections; not perfect or correct.

The report contains several flawed sections that need correction.

  • His flawed reasoning led the team to a wrong conclusion.
  • Despite the flawed methodology, the experiment yielded useful data.
  • Critics pointed out the flawed assumptions underlying the economic model.
  • The novel's flawed narrative structure undermines its overall impact.
  • flawed logic · kusurlu mantık The scientist's argument was based on flawed logic.
  • flawed design · kusurlu tasarım The bridge collapsed because of a flawed design.
  • flawed argument · kusurlu argüman During the debate, she exposed the opponent's flawed argument.
  • be flawed by sth The study was flawed by a small sample size.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: imperfect
zıt: flawless

isim C1

analoji, benzetme, kıyaslama

a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification

The textbook uses an analogy to explain the water cycle.

  • She drew an analogy between the two experiments to highlight their similarities.
  • In his essay, he makes an analogy between democracy and a garden that needs care.
  • The scientist employed a detailed analogy to clarify the complex quantum phenomenon for the audience.
  • Critics argued that the author's extended analogy oversimplified the nuanced political situation.
  • draw an analogy · bir benzerlik kurmak The teacher asked us to draw an analogy between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
  • make an analogy · bir kıyaslama yapmak She made an analogy to illustrate how the market works.
  • draw an analogy between … and … He drew an analogy between the brain and a computer.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

fiil C1

zayıflatmak, temelden sarsmak

to weaken or damage something gradually, especially by attacking its foundation or stability

The rumor started to undermine his reputation among classmates.

  • Corruption can undermine the effectiveness of public institutions.
  • She tried to undermine the project's timeline by delaying approvals.
  • Economic sanctions may undermine a country's ability to invest in infrastructure.
  • Persistent misinformation on social media can undermine democratic discourse.
  • undermine authority · otoriteyi zayıflatmak
  • undermine confidence · güveni sarsmak
  • undermine sb's confidence Constant criticism undermined her confidence.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: weaken
daha basit: damage
zıt: strengthen

isim C1

bakış açısı, perspektif

a particular attitude or way of thinking about something

The manager explained the decision from his standpoint.

  • Students often discuss topics from various standpoints in class.
  • From an economic standpoint, the new tax could reduce consumer spending.
  • Critics examined the film's themes from a feminist standpoint, highlighting gender dynamics.
  • Researchers must acknowledge their own standpoint when interpreting complex data sets.
  • from this standpoint · bu bakış açısından From this standpoint, the policy appears unfair.
  • different standpoint · farklı bakış açısı She argued from a different standpoint than her colleague.
  • from sb's standpoint From my standpoint, it is a good deal.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

daha basit: view

isim C1

iddia, beyan

a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief

The scientist's assertion was supported by the data.

  • During the debate, each candidate presented several assertions.
  • His assertion that the policy would fail sparked a heated discussion.
  • The lawyer's assertion of innocence was backed by eyewitness testimony.
  • Despite strong evidence, the professor questioned the student's assertion about the theory.
  • assertion of rights · hak iddiası The protestors voiced their assertion of rights during the march.
  • an assertion that … She made the assertion that the test was successful.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: claim statement
zıt: denial

fiil C1

desteklemek, onaylamak

to say publicly that you support someone or something

The party endorsed her as its candidate.

  • Many famous athletes endorse sports products.

fiil C1

varsaymak, tahmin etmek

to suppose something is true without having proof or certain evidence

Scientists presume that the experiment will yield consistent results.

  • He presumed the meeting would start on time, but it was delayed.
  • The lawyer argued that the judge should presume the defendant's intent based on the evidence.
  • Despite limited data, the analyst presumed a significant market shift was imminent.
  • Critics caution against presuming causality when only correlation has been demonstrated.
  • presume innocence · masum olduğunu varsaymak The jury was instructed to presume innocence until proven guilty.
  • presume knowledge · bilgiye sahip olduğunu varsaymak She seemed to presume knowledge of the subject, though she had never studied it.
  • presume that … Researchers often presume that the data reflects real-world behavior.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: assume suppose
daha basit: think
zıt: disprove

fiil C1

ayırt etmek, farklılaştırmak

to recognize or show the difference between two or more things; to make something distinct from others

The teacher asked us to differentiate the two theories in our essay.

  • In biology, we differentiate cells by observing their shape and function.
  • Marketing teams try to differentiate their brand from competitors through unique messaging.
  • Philosophers often differentiate between moral duty and personal desire when analyzing ethical dilemmas.
  • differentiate between · arasında ayırt etmek Scientists must differentiate between correlation and causation in their experiments.
  • differentiate itself · kendisini farklılaştırmak The new smartphone differentiates itself with an advanced camera system.
  • differentiate between sth and sth Children learn to differentiate between right and wrong.
  • differentiate sth by sth The company differentiates its products by offering superior customer service.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

zıt: confuse

fiil C1

1iddia etmek, ileri sürmek

to state something confidently and forcefully as true, often without providing proof

The scientist asserted a new theory about black holes.

  • During the debate, she asserted her position clearly.
  • He asserted that the data were accurate despite the critics.
  • The lawyer asserted the defendant's innocence in court.
  • Even after the setback, the team asserted its determination to finish the project.
  • assert a claim · bir iddiayı ileri sürmek The researcher asserted a claim about the correlation between diet and health.
  • assert that … He asserted that the experiment was successful.
  • assert oneself In a new team, it's important to assert yourself early.
  • assert one's rights She asserted her rights during the meeting with management.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

benzer: claim maintain
daha basit: state
zıt: deny

2ortaya koymak, kabul ettirmek, hissettirmek

to behave in a way that makes others recognize your authority, rights, or control

The coach asserted control of the training session.

  • She asserted authority in the discussion about policy changes.
  • The commander asserted control over the troops during the operation.
  • He asserted his authority to make the final decision.
  • In the crisis, the leader asserted control to coordinate the response.
  • assert control over sth The government asserted control over the media outlets.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

isim C1

kusur, eksiklik

a fault or imperfection that makes something less perfect or effective

The report highlighted a flaw in the company's financial statements.

  • Even the best athletes have minor flaws that coaches try to improve.
  • Scientists are working to eliminate the flaw that causes the software crash.
  • His argument contained a logical flaw that undermined the entire thesis.
  • Despite the flaw in the design, the prototype performed remarkably well under stress.
  • flaw in the system · sistemdeki kusur The investigation revealed a serious flaw in the voting system.
  • critical flaw · kritik eksiklik Engineers discovered a critical flaw that could cause the bridge to collapse.
  • a flaw in sth There is a flaw in your argument.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

daha basit: error
zıt: perfection

İfadeler

according to

B1

-e göre

as stated by

Kalıp: according to sb/sth

“According to the report, unemployment has fallen.”

Ardından İSİM, zamir ya da fiilin -ING hali gelir; TAM BİR CÜMLE (özne + fiil) gelmez. Cümle başında kullanılırsa öbeğin sonuna virgül konur; cümle sonunda genellikle virgül gerekmez.

for example

A2

örneğin

used to give an example of what you are talking about

Kalıp: … For example, …

“Some animals sleep during winter. For example, bears can sleep for months.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

for instance

B1

örneğin, mesela

for example

Kalıp: … For instance, …

“Some jobs are very stressful. For instance, surgeons work long and difficult hours.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

in addition

B1

ek olarak, bunun yanında

used to add another fact

Kalıp: … In addition, …

“The job offers a good salary. In addition, employees get free health insurance.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

in conclusion

B1

sonuç olarak

used to introduce the final part of a speech or piece of writing

Kalıp: In conclusion, …

“Both options have benefits. In conclusion, the choice depends on your budget.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

in contrast

B2

buna karşılık, aksine

used to show that two things are clearly different

Kalıp: … In contrast, …

“Northern regions are cold and wet. In contrast, the south is warm and dry.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

in fact

B1

aslında, gerçekte

used to give more detail or to say what is really true

Kalıp: … In fact, …

“I thought the test would be hard. In fact, it was very easy.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

of course

A1

tabii ki, elbette

used to agree or to say that something is expected

Kalıp: Of course, …

“Of course, you can borrow my book.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

on the other hand

B1

öte yandan, diğer taraftan

used to introduce a different, often opposite, point of view

Kalıp: (On the one hand, …) On the other hand, …

“Living in a city is exciting. On the other hand, it can be very stressful.”

Cümle başında kullanılır ve ARDINDAN VİRGÜL gelir. İki tam cümleyi tek cümlede bağlayacaksa ÖNÜNE NOKTALI VİRGÜL, ARDINA VİRGÜL konur (…; however, …). Cümle ortasında iki virgül arasında da kullanılabilir. İki tam cümleyi yalnızca virgülle bağlayamaz.

such as

B1

gibi, örneğin

used to introduce examples

Kalıp: sth such as sth

“She enjoys outdoor activities such as hiking and cycling.”

Örnekler cümle için gerekli değilse “such as” öncesine virgül konabilir. “such as”tan HEMEN SONRA virgül konmaz.