🌍Çevre ve iklim

madencilik

the process of getting coal, metal, etc. from the ground

The town grew because of coal mining.

• Mining can damage the environment.

zararlı, zehirli

causing harm or damage to living organisms or the environment, often by chemical or biological means

The lab warned that the solution is toxic and must be handled with gloves.

• Many plants cannot survive in soil that is toxic due to industrial pollution.
• Researchers discovered a new method to neutralize toxic substances in wastewater.

• toxic waste · zararlı atık The factory illegally dumped toxic waste into the river.
• toxic chemicals · zararlı kimyasallar Scientists are studying the effects of toxic chemicals on marine life.
• toxic waste Toxic waste was dumped in the river.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1ızgara, kareli desen

a network of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines forming squares or rectangles

The kitchen floor was covered with a black tile grid.

• She drew a grid on the paper to help with the geometry problem.
• The city planners used a grid to organize the new neighborhood streets.
• Graphic designers often rely on a grid to maintain visual consistency across a website.
• Researchers overlaid a high-resolution grid on satellite images to analyze land-use changes.

• grid pattern · ızgara deseni The wallpaper features a subtle grid pattern.
• grid layout · ızgara düzeni Web designers often use a grid layout to align elements.
• arrange sth in a grid The teacher arranged the desks in a grid for the exam.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2elektrik şebekesi

the interconnected system that delivers electricity from producers to consumers

The power company monitors the grid 24 hours a day.

• During the storm, the grid was damaged and many neighborhoods lost electricity.
• Scientists study the grid to improve its efficiency and reduce losses.
• Investments in smart-grid technology aim to modernize the aging electricity infrastructure.
• Regulators are evaluating how to integrate distributed generation into the national grid.

• national grid · ulusal elektrik şebekesi The national grid supplies power to millions of households.
• grid failure · şebeke arızası A grid failure caused widespread blackouts across the region.
• connect sth to the grid Homeowners can connect their solar panels to the grid for excess energy.

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baraj

a wall built across a river to stop the water and form a lake

The dam provides electricity for the region.

• The village was flooded when the dam was built.

1kül

the powdery residue left after the combustion of organic material

The fireplace left a thin layer of ash on the floor.

• She brushed the ash off her shoes before entering the house.
• Scientists study ash deposits to understand past volcanic eruptions.
• The artist used ash mixed with pigment to create a unique texture in the painting.
• Regulatory agencies monitor airborne ash to protect public health during wildfires.

• volcanic ash · volkanik kül The airplane had to change its route because of volcanic ash.
• ash cloud · kül bulutu The fire produced a thick ash cloud that covered the town.
• turn to ash The old manuscript turned into ash after the fire.

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2dişbudak ağacı

a type of deciduous tree belonging to the genus Fraxinus, known for its hardwood and compound leaves

A young ash grew beside the riverbank, thriving in the moist soil.

• The carpenter selected ash for the table because of its smooth grain.
• Researchers are studying ash resistance to pests in urban landscaping.
• During the storm, several ash branches broke and blocked the road.
• The historic estate features an avenue of mature ash trees dating back centuries.

• ash tree · dişbudak ağacı The park was lined with tall ash trees that provided shade in summer.
• ash wood · dişbudak odunu Furniture makers often prefer ash wood for its strength and flexibility.

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sızıntı

the act or instance of a liquid or gas escaping from a container or system

A leak in the garden hose dripped all afternoon.

• The technician repaired a leak in the water main quickly.
• After the storm, many houses suffered roof leaks.
• Engineers designed a system to minimize leaks in high-pressure vessels.
• Regulators imposed stricter standards to prevent industrial leaks of hazardous substances.
• The newspaper reported a leak of government emails.
• A small leak in the roof caused the attic to get wet.
• Scientists are studying the leak of methane from permafrost.
• The hacker exposed a leak of personal data affecting millions of users.
• Engineers fixed the leak that was draining fuel during the test flight.

• gas leak · gaz sızıntısı The building was evacuated after a gas leak was detected.
• leak detection · sızıntı tespiti They installed sensors for early leak detection in the pipeline.
• data leak · veri sızıntısı The company suffered a massive data leak last month.
• oil leak · yağ sızıntısı Mechanics discovered an oil leak in the engine.
• a leak in sth There is a leak in the bathroom faucet that needs fixing.
• a leak of sth There was a leak of confidential documents to the press.
• a gas leak There was a gas leak in the kitchen.

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sızdırmak, kaçırmak

to allow liquid, gas, or information to escape unintentionally

The faucet started to leak after weeks of use.

• She was worried that the report might leak to the media.
• If the confidential documents leak, the company's reputation could suffer greatly.
• Recent investigations revealed that classified files had been leaking into foreign intelligence networks.

• leak information · bilgi sızdırmak The employee leaked confidential information to the press.
• leak gas · gaz sızdırmak A faulty valve caused the pipe to leak gas.
• leak out Sensitive data can leak out if the system is not secured.
• leak into sth Water began to leak into the basement after the heavy rain.

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boru hattı, taşıma hattı

a system of pipes used to transport liquids, gases, or other substances over long distances

The pipeline carries natural gas from the field to the city.

• Construction crews are building a new pipeline through the mountains.
• Regulators inspected the pipeline for possible safety violations.
• Environmental groups protested the expansion of the oil pipeline.
• Advanced monitoring systems help operators detect leaks in the pipeline quickly.

• oil pipeline · petrol boru hattı The new oil pipeline will connect the offshore field to the refinery.
• pipeline network · boru hattı ağı The city upgraded its water pipeline network to reduce leaks.
• pipeline project · boru hattı projesi Investors are evaluating the pipeline project for its environmental impact.
• lay a pipeline Engineers plan to lay a pipeline across the desert next summer.

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Kuzey Kutbu ile ilgili, arktik, dondurucu

relating to the Arctic region or to extremely low temperatures

The Arctic wind made the tent very cold.

• She wore an Arctic-grade jacket during the winter hike.
• Arctic temperatures can fall below minus thirty degrees Celsius.
• The documentary highlighted how Arctic sea ice is disappearing faster than expected.
• Policy makers argue that protecting the Arctic ecosystem is essential for global climate stability.

• Arctic climate · Arktik iklimi The Arctic climate is characterized by long, harsh winters.
• Arctic region · Arktik bölgesi Scientists are studying the melting ice in the Arctic region.
• Arctic expedition · Arktik keşif gezisi The Arctic expedition faced severe weather conditions.
• arctic conditions The climbers faced arctic conditions.

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koruma

the act of keeping something safe from decay, damage, or loss

The park's preservation helps protect local wildlife.

• Preservation of old books is important for libraries.
• Many countries invest in preservation of cultural heritage sites.
• Effective preservation strategies can mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.
• Scholars argue that interdisciplinary preservation policies are crucial for sustaining biodiversity in the Anthropocene.

• cultural preservation · kültürel koruma The museum is dedicated to cultural preservation.
• preservation of wildlife · yaban hayatının korunması Preservation of wildlife is essential for biodiversity.
• preservation efforts · koruma çabaları Government funding supports preservation efforts in the region.
• preservation of sth The preservation of historic buildings requires careful planning.

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av

an animal that is hunted or captured for food by another animal

The mouse is a common prey for barn owls.

• In the savanna, gazelles serve as prey for many big cats.
• Scientists study how prey adapt their behavior to avoid predators.
• When the ecosystem is balanced, prey populations help sustain predator numbers.
• Conservationists monitor prey availability to assess the health of wildlife reserves.

• prey for · avı olmak The small fish are prey for larger predators.
• fall prey to sth Many tourists fall prey to pickpockets.

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tehlike, risk

a source of possible harm or danger; a situation that may cause injury or loss

The broken glass on the sidewalk is a clear hazard for pedestrians.

• During the storm, fallen trees became a hazard for drivers.
• The school conducts regular inspections to remove any potential hazards.
• Researchers warned that climate change could increase the hazard of extreme weather events.
• Urban planners must consider the long-term hazard of sea-level rise when designing coastal infrastructure.

• hazard of fire · yangın tehlikesi The old wiring increased the hazard of fire in the building.
• pose a hazard to sb/sth Improper disposal of chemicals poses a hazard to the environment.

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petrol, ham petrol

a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons that can be refined into fuels and other products

Petroleum is used to make gasoline for cars.

• Many countries depend on petroleum for their energy needs.
• The government announced higher taxes on petroleum products to reduce emissions.
• Scientists are researching alternative fuels to replace petroleum in the long term.
• Despite advances in renewable energy, petroleum remains a dominant factor in global geopolitics.

• crude petroleum · ham petrol The refinery processes crude petroleum from offshore fields.
• petroleum industry · petrol endüstrisi The petroleum industry contributes significantly to the national economy.
• petroleum reserves · petrol rezervleri The country announced new petroleum reserves discovered in the desert.
• refine petroleum The plant was built to refine petroleum into gasoline and diesel.

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nesli tükenmekte olan, tehlike altındaki

caused to be at risk of extinction or serious harm

The government protects endangered animals in national parks.

• Scientists study the genetics of endangered plants to aid conservation.
• International treaties aim to reduce trade in products from endangered species.
• Habitat fragmentation and climate change have accelerated the decline of many endangered populations.
• Comprehensive recovery plans are essential to prevent the extinction of critically endangered amphibians.

• endangered species · tehlikede olan tür The panda is one of the most well-known endangered species.
• endangered habitat · tehlikede olan yaşam alanı Deforestation has created an endangered habitat for many forest birds.
• an endangered species The tiger is an endangered species.

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bolluk, çokluk

the large quantity or plentiful supply of something

The market offers an abundance of fresh fruit during summer.

• Scientists noted an abundance of data in the new research database.
• The festival attracted visitors because of the abundance of cultural events.
• Despite the drought, the river maintained an abundance of fish for local anglers.
• Critics praised the novel for its abundance of vivid imagery and complex characters.

• abundance of · çokluğu The garden produced an abundance of vegetables this year.
• in abundance · bol miktarda Wildflowers bloom in abundance after the spring rains.

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reaktör

a device in which a controlled nuclear reaction takes place, typically used to generate energy or produce isotopes

The university built a small reactor for research purposes.

• A nuclear reactor can produce large amounts of electricity.
• Regulators inspected the reactor after the reported leak.
• Advances in reactor design have improved efficiency and safety.
• Policy makers debated the future of nuclear reactors in the national energy strategy.

• nuclear reactor · nükleer reaktör The nuclear reactor at the power plant was shut down for maintenance.
• reactor core · reaktör çekirdeği Scientists inspected the reactor core for signs of wear.
• reactor safety · reaktör güvenliği Reactor safety protocols must be strictly followed.
• operate a reactor Engineers were trained to operate a reactor safely.

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1ekolojik

of, relating to, or concerned with the relations of organisms to one another and to their environment

The rainforest provides an ecological habitat for many species.

• Scientists study ecological interactions to understand ecosystem health.
• Urban planners consider ecological factors when designing green spaces.
• Researchers published a paper on ecological resilience after the wildfire.
• Policy makers debated the ecological consequences of the new mining legislation.

• ecological balance · ekolojik denge Conserving wetlands helps maintain ecological balance.
• ecological niche · ekolojik niş Each species occupies a specific ecological niche in the forest.
• have an ecological impact Large construction projects often have an ecological impact that must be assessed.

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2çevreye duyarlı, çevre dostu

designed to cause minimal harm to the environment; friendly to nature

The store sells many ecological items such as reusable bags.

• Students learned about ecological practices in the sustainability course.
• The city council approved an ecological plan to reduce carbon emissions.
• Researchers evaluated the ecological benefits of the new biodegradable material.
• International conferences often highlight ecological innovations that address climate change.

• ecological design · çevre dostu tasarım Ecological design principles were applied to the new office building.
• ecological product · çevre dostu ürün Consumers are increasingly seeking ecological products.
• adopt an ecological approach The university adopted an ecological approach to campus waste management.

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ekosistem

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

The rainforest is a complex ecosystem with many species.

• Scientists monitor changes in the ecosystem to assess environmental health.
• Human activities can disrupt the balance of an ecosystem, leading to loss of biodiversity.
• Restoring degraded lands requires understanding the interactions within the ecosystem.
• Interdisciplinary research on ecosystem dynamics informs policy decisions on climate adaptation.

• marine ecosystem · deniz ekosistemi The marine ecosystem supports a wide variety of fish species.
• ecosystem services · ekosistem hizmetleri Forests provide essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration.
• a fragile ecosystem The reef is a fragile ecosystem.

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yok olma, neslin tükenmesi

the state or process of a species, language, or other entity ceasing to exist

The dodo bird faced extinction after humans arrived.

• Scientists study past extinctions to understand current threats.
• Climate change accelerates the risk of extinction for many marine species.
• Policy makers must allocate resources to mitigate extinction driven by illegal wildlife trade.
• Interdisciplinary research reveals that genetic bottlenecks can precipitate rapid extinction in isolated populations.

• mass extinction · kitlesel yok olma The dinosaurs were wiped out during a mass extinction event.
• prevent extinction · yok oluşu önlemek Conservationists work to prevent extinction of endangered species.
• be at risk of extinction Many amphibian species are currently at risk of extinction.

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ekoloji

the scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Ecology helps us understand how species interact in a forest.

• The professor explained basic ecology concepts during the lecture.
• Students conducted a field experiment to observe ecology patterns in the wetland.
• Recent ecology studies suggest that urban green spaces can mitigate heat islands.
• Advanced ecology research often integrates molecular techniques to trace ecosystem changes.

• ecology study · ekoloji çalışması The ecology study revealed how urban development affects local wildlife.
• ecology field · ekoloji alanı She pursued a career in the ecology field after graduating.
• ecology research · ekoloji araştırması Recent ecology research highlights the impact of climate change on coral reefs.
• study ecology Many students choose to study ecology to understand environmental challenges.

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yırtıcı hayvan, avcı

an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food

The wolf is a predator that hunts in packs.

• Predators help control the population of their prey.
• Scientists study how predator behavior changes with habitat loss.
• In the Arctic, polar bears are apex predators relying on seals for survival.
• Ecologists argue that the removal of a keystone predator can destabilize entire ecosystems.

• top predator · üst avcı The orca is a top predator in marine ecosystems.
• predator species · avcı türü Conservationists are concerned about the decline of predator species.
• a natural predator The fox is a natural predator of rabbits.

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felaket, büyük yıkım

a sudden disaster that causes great damage or loss

The fire became a catastrophe for the small town.

• After the flood, many families described the damage as a catastrophe.
• The government's slow response turned the earthquake into a larger catastrophe.
• Environmentalists warn that unchecked deforestation could lead to an ecological catastrophe.
• The financial crisis of 2008 is often cited as a modern economic catastrophe that reshaped regulatory policies.

• natural catastrophe · doğal felaket The island was hit by a natural catastrophe last year.
• financial catastrophe · mali felaket The company faced a financial catastrophe after the market crash.
• end in catastrophe The plan ended in catastrophe.

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metan, renksiz yanıcı gaz

a colorless, odorless, flammable hydrocarbon gas that is the main component of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas

Methane is a simple hydrocarbon with one carbon atom.

• The laboratory measured the concentration of methane in the air sample.
• Farmers are encouraged to capture methane from manure for energy use.
• Scientists warn that increasing methane levels could accelerate global warming.
• Policy makers debate carbon pricing schemes that also address methane emissions.

• methane emissions · metan emisyonları The report highlighted rising methane emissions from livestock farms.
• methane gas · metan gazı Methane gas is often captured and used as a renewable energy source.
• methane hydrate · metan hidratı Scientists are studying methane hydrate deposits on the ocean floor.
• release methane Permafrost thaw may release large amounts of methane into the atmosphere.

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biyolojik çeşitlilik

the variety of living organisms in a particular habitat or ecosystem, including the diversity of species, genetics, and ecosystems

The park's rich biodiversity attracts many tourists each year.

• Scientists study biodiversity to understand ecosystem health.
• Human activities have caused a rapid decline in global biodiversity.
• Preserving biodiversity is essential for sustainable agriculture and medicine.
• Policy makers must consider biodiversity impacts when drafting environmental legislation.

• biodiversity loss · biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybı Deforestation has accelerated biodiversity loss in the Amazon.
• biodiversity conservation · biyolojik çeşitlilik koruması International agreements aim to strengthen biodiversity conservation worldwide.
• high biodiversity · yüksek biyolojik çeşitlilik Coral reefs are known for their high biodiversity.
• protect biodiversity Governments are implementing policies to protect biodiversity in protected areas.

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1korumak, muhafaza etmek

to protect something, especially natural resources or cultural heritage, from loss, damage, or decay.

The park rangers work to conserve wildlife in the reserve.

• Students were taught how to conserve paper by printing double-sided.
• Governments worldwide aim to conserve biodiversity for future generations.
• Researchers develop new materials that help conserve heat in buildings.
• International agreements seek to conserve marine ecosystems against overfishing.

• conserve water · su tasarrufu yapmak The city encourages residents to conserve water during the drought.
• conserve energy · enerji tasarrufu yapmak Turning off lights when not needed helps to conserve energy.
• conserve energy Turn off the lights to conserve energy.

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2tasarruf etmek, saklamak

to use less of something, especially resources or money, in order to save it for later.

He tries to conserve electricity by turning off appliances when not in use.

• Families often conserve food by freezing leftovers.
• The government introduced policies to conserve public funds during the recession.
• By using public transport, citizens can conserve gasoline and reduce emissions.
• Investors conserve capital during uncertain market conditions to avoid losses.

• conserve fuel · yakıt tasarrufu yapmak Driving at a steady speed helps to conserve fuel.
• conserve energy Turn off the lights to conserve energy.

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morötesi, ultraviyole

relating to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible violet light but longer than X-rays

The sun emits a lot of ultraviolet energy during summer days.

• Plants can be damaged by excessive ultraviolet exposure.
• Researchers measured the intensity of ultraviolet radiation in the lab.
• Ultraviolet light is used in forensic analysis to reveal hidden fingerprints.
• The new coating reflects ultraviolet rays, reducing heat absorption on building surfaces.

• ultraviolet radiation · morötesi ışın Ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage if exposure is prolonged.
• ultraviolet light · morötesi ışık The laboratory uses ultraviolet light to sterilize equipment.
• ultraviolet light Ultraviolet light can damage the skin.

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ekolog

a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environment

The ecologist explained how deforestation affects local wildlife.

• During the conference, the ecologist presented data on river pollution.
• A young ecologist can contribute fresh ideas to conservation projects.
• The ecologist's research on climate change was published in a leading journal.
• Funding cuts forced the university's ecologist to seek grants from private foundations.

• field ecologist · alan ekologu The field ecologist collected soil samples from the wetland.
• marine ecologist · deniz ekolojisi uzmanı A marine ecologist monitors coral reef health.
• urban ecologist · şehir ekolojisi uzmanı Urban ecologists study green spaces in cities.
• work as an ecologist She decided to work as an ecologist after completing her PhD.

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1yıkmak, tahrip etmek

to cause extensive physical destruction or ruin to something, especially a place or area

The hurricane devastated the coastal town last summer.

• After the bombing, the village was completely devastated.
• The wildfire quickly devastated the forest, turning trees to ash.
• Scientists warned that climate change could devastate fragile ecosystems worldwide.
• Historical records show that the invading army devastated entire regions, reshaping political borders.

• devastate a city · bir şehri yıkmak The earthquake devastated the city, leaving thousands homeless.
• devastate the landscape · manzarayı tahrip etmek Wildfires can devastate the landscape within a matter of hours.
• be devastated by sth The town was devastated by a sudden tornado.

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2kahretmek, derinden sarsmak, perişan etmek

to cause someone to feel extreme emotional distress or shock

The announcement of the layoffs devastated the employees.

• She was devastated by the sudden death of her pet.
• When the team lost the championship, the fans felt devastated.
• The documentary's graphic images devastated viewers, sparking a national debate on animal rights.
• Scholars argue that the abrupt cultural shift devastated entire generations, leaving lasting psychological scars.

• devastated by news · haberden sarsılmış He was devastated by the news of his friend's accident.
• be devastated by sth She felt devastated by the unexpected rejection.

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deniz seviyesi

the average height of the sea, used to measure the height of land

The city is 500 meters above sea level.

• Global warming is causing sea levels to rise.

1koruma

the act of keeping someone or something safe from harm or danger

She bought a helmet for extra protection while cycling.

• The company offers health insurance as a form of employee protection.
• Parents seek protection for their children in online environments.
• International treaties aim to ensure the protection of human rights worldwide.
• Advanced encryption algorithms provide robust protection against cyber attacks.

• legal protection · hukuki koruma The new law offers legal protection for whistleblowers.
• provide protection for sb/sth The government will provide protection for endangered species.
• under the protection of sb/sth The museum is under the protection of the cultural heritage authority.

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2savunma

the act of defending a country, group, or position against attack

The army was deployed to strengthen national protection.

• International law emphasizes the protection of cultural heritage during war.
• Strategic alliances can enhance collective protection against aggression.
• Researchers analyze how cyber-security measures contribute to national protection.
• The United Nations peacekeeping mission focuses on the protection of civilians in conflict zones.

• mutual protection · karşılıklı savunma NATO members rely on mutual protection against external threats.
• protection against sth The treaty offers protection against nuclear proliferation.

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tür

a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed

The zoo has many different species of mammals.

• Scientists discovered a new species of frog in the Amazon.
• The report lists invasive species that threaten local ecosystems.
• Genetic analysis helps taxonomists clarify relationships between closely related species.
• Understanding the evolutionary history of a species can inform conservation strategies on a global scale.

• endangered species · tehlikede olan tür Conservationists are working to protect endangered species worldwide.
• native species · yerli tür The island is home to many unique native species.
• a species of sth The researcher identified several new species of insects in the rainforest.

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doğal kaynaklar

things such as water, minerals and forests that exist in nature and can be used by people

The country is rich in natural resources.

• We must protect our natural resources.

kriz

a time of intense difficulty or danger, especially when a difficult decision must be made

The small town entered a crisis after the factory closed.

• The organization launched a crisis plan to address the sudden data breach.
• International leaders convened to discuss solutions for the ongoing energy crisis.
• Scholars argue that climate change represents a systemic crisis requiring coordinated global action.

• economic crisis · ekonomik kriz The country is struggling to recover from an economic crisis.
• financial crisis · finansal kriz The 2008 financial crisis affected markets worldwide.
• crisis management · kriz yönetimi Effective crisis management can limit damage to a company's reputation.
• face a crisis The government had to face a crisis after the sudden flood.
• in crisis Many families are living in crisis due to the housing shortage.

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tehdit

a statement or indication of intent to cause harm, damage, or undesirable consequences

The police warned the crowd about the possible threat of violence.

• She felt a constant threat of being laid off during the merger.
• Environmental groups cite climate change as a growing threat to ecosystems.
• The cyber-attack presented a significant threat to the company's data security.
• International negotiations aim to reduce the nuclear threat and promote peace.

• pose a threat · tehdit oluşturmak The new virus poses a serious threat to public health.
• threat of · -nin tehdidi The threat of flooding forced residents to evacuate.
• a threat to sth Pollution is a threat to wildlife.
• under threat Many species are under threat because of habitat loss.

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1yedek, ayrılmış miktar

a supply of something kept for future use or emergencies

The school has a reserve of textbooks for new students.

• She always keeps a small reserve of money for emergencies.
• During the drought, the farmers relied on their water reserve.
• The airline maintains a reserve of spare parts to avoid flight delays.
• Policy makers argued that a strategic reserve of oil is essential for national security.

• reserve fund · yedek fon The government created a reserve fund to cover unexpected expenses.
• reserve supply · yedek stok Hospitals maintain a reserve supply of essential medicines.
• keep sth in reserve We keep some money in reserve.

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2koruma alanı, doğal rezerv

an area of land or water set aside for the protection of wildlife and natural resources

The new national park was declared a reserve to protect endangered species.

• Local communities support the reserve because it preserves their natural heritage.
• Researchers study the biodiversity within the reserve to monitor ecosystem health.
• The reserve's management plan includes controlled tourism to minimize impact.
• International agreements often require countries to maintain marine reserves for sustainable fisheries.

• nature reserve · doğa koruma alanı The government expanded the nature reserve to include the nearby wetlands.
• wildlife reserve · yaban hayatı koruma alanı Tourists are prohibited from hunting in the wildlife reserve.

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karbon

a chemical element with symbol C, a non-metal that is the basis of organic chemistry and forms many compounds.

Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe.

• Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
• The diamond's hardness comes from its carbon crystal structure.
• Scientists study carbon cycles to understand climate change impacts.
• Advanced materials like carbon nanotubes have extraordinary strength.

• carbon atom · karbon atomu A carbon atom has six protons in its nucleus.
• carbon footprint · karbon ayak izi Companies are trying to reduce their carbon footprint.
• contain carbon Fossil fuels contain large amounts of carbon.

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güneşle ilgili, güneş enerjisiyle ilgili

relating to or derived from the sun; produced by sunlight.

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity for homes.

• Many schools now use solar energy to reduce their electricity bills.
• Scientists are researching more efficient solar cells for future use.
• The country's investment in solar power has accelerated renewable energy adoption.
• Advanced solar-powered satellites enable continuous monitoring of Earth's climate.

• solar energy · güneş enerjisi Solar energy is a clean alternative to fossil fuels.
• solar panel · güneş paneli The house is equipped with solar panels on its roof.
• solar system · güneş sistemi Astronomers study the formation of the solar system.
• solar power · güneş gücü Solar power can supply electricity to remote villages.

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organik

relating to or derived from living matter; not made with artificial chemicals or processes

Organic vegetables are sold at the local market.

• Many consumers choose organic products to avoid pesticides.
• The school cafeteria now serves only organic meals for health reasons.
• Scientists are studying the impact of organic farming on biodiversity.
• Despite higher prices, the demand for organic food continues to grow worldwide.

1tüketim

the act of using up goods, resources, or energy; the amount that is used.

The family's monthly consumption of electricity has increased this winter.

• Scientists measured the water consumption of the experimental crops.
• High consumption of sugary drinks can lead to health problems.
• The report highlights that consumption patterns have shifted toward digital media.
• Policymakers are debating ways to lower overall consumption without harming economic growth.

• high consumption · yüksek tüketim The country faces problems due to high consumption of fossil fuels.
• energy consumption · enerji tüketimi Reducing energy consumption is a key goal of the new policy.
• reduce consumption of sth Governments are trying to curb consumption of single-use plastics.

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2verem, tüberküloz

the disease known historically as tuberculosis, especially when referring to its pulmonary form.

In the novel, the protagonist contracts consumption after a long illness.

• Doctors once diagnosed chronic cough as a sign of consumption.
• The museum exhibit explains how consumption spread across Europe in the 1800s.
• Literary scholars note that consumption symbolizes social decay in Victorian literature.
• Modern historians compare the impact of consumption to that of contemporary pandemics.

• suffer from consumption Many soldiers suffered from consumption during the war.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

koruma, muhafaza

the act of preserving, protecting, or maintaining something, especially natural resources or cultural heritage.

The school organized a field trip to learn about conservation.

• Many countries have laws that support environmental conservation.
• Effective conservation requires cooperation between governments, NGOs, and local communities.
• Recent research highlights the importance of genetic diversity in long-term conservation strategies.
• Integrating socioeconomic incentives into conservation planning can enhance community participation and ensure sustainable outcomes.

• wildlife conservation · yaban hayatı koruması The government increased funding for wildlife conservation projects.
• conservation efforts · koruma çabaları Local NGOs organized several conservation efforts to protect the wetlands.
• conservation area · koruma alanı The park was designated as a conservation area to safeguard its unique ecosystem.
• the conservation of sth the conservation of wildlife

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey