🌳Doğa

uçurum, derin yarık

a deep fissure in the earth, rock, or another surface; a profound difference or division between people, ideas, or things

The climbers carefully examined the chasm before attempting the climb.

• A narrow trail winds around the chasm, offering spectacular views.
• Scientists study the chasm to understand the region's geological history.
• The political debate revealed a chasm of opinion between the two parties.
• Literary critics argue that the novel's ending creates a chasm between expectation and reality.

• deep chasm · derin uçurum The hikers stood at the edge of a deep chasm that seemed endless.
• gaping chasm · açık uçurum A gaping chasm split the canyon, making the crossing impossible.
• fall into a chasm He slipped on the rocks and fell into a chasm below.
• a chasm between sb and sb There is a chasm between rich and poor.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

uçurum

a very steep or overhanging cliff

She looked down at the steep precipice.

• The hikers stopped before the edge of the precipice.
• Scientists warned that climate change could push coastal cities to the precipice of disaster.
• Literary critics often use the metaphor of a precipice to explore characters' existential crises.
• In the volatile market, investors find themselves perpetually perched on the precipice of financial ruin.

• stand on the precipice · uçurumun kenarında durmak She stood on the precipice and felt the wind rush past her.
• precipice of disaster · felaketin eşiği The nation is teetering on the precipice of disaster.
• on the precipice of sth The country is on the precipice of economic collapse.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

zirve, tepe

the highest point of a mountain or hill; the maximum level or value of something

The hikers finally stood on the peak after a long climb.

• During the summer, the beach is the peak of tourist activity.
• Investors watched the stock market reach a new peak this week.
• The novel explores how a scientist deals with the ethical dilemmas at the peak of discovery.
• Climate models predict that global temperatures may approach a peak that could be irreversible without immediate action.

• reach a peak · zirveye ulaşmak The company's profits reached a peak last quarter.
• at the peak of sth She was at the peak of her career when she won the award.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1kütük

a thick piece of wood cut from a tree

We put another log on the fire.

• They sat on a log by the river.

2kayıt, günlük (resmî)

an official record of events

The captain kept a log of the voyage.

• Check the error log on the server.

1zirve, dağ zirvesi

the highest point of a mountain or hill

The hikers rested briefly before attempting to reach the summit.

• Snow covered the summit, making the climb even more challenging.
• Scientists installed a weather station at the summit to collect data.
• The documentary highlighted the dangers of climbing to remote summits.
• After weeks of preparation, the expedition finally stood on the summit, celebrating their achievement.

• reach the summit · zirveye ulaşmak The climbers finally reached the summit after a grueling ascent.
• summit of the mountain · dağın zirvesi The view from the summit of the mountain was breathtaking.
• reach the summit They plan to climb to the summit before sunset.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2zirve toplantısı, yüksek düzey görüşme

a meeting between heads of state or leaders to discuss important issues

The president announced his participation in the upcoming summit.

• Delegates prepared their speeches before the summit began.
• Media coverage of the summit highlighted the key points of discussion.
• Critics argued that the summit failed to produce concrete solutions.
• The summit concluded with a joint declaration committing all parties to reduce emissions.

• hold a summit · zirve toplantısı düzenlemek World leaders will hold a summit to address climate change.
• summit meeting · zirve toplantısı The summit meeting resulted in a historic trade agreement.
• attend a summit The minister will attend a summit on renewable energy next month.
• a summit on sth There will be a summit on cybersecurity in Berlin this summer.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

gövde, sap

the main above-ground part of a plant that supports leaves and flowers

The rose's stem is covered with tiny thorns.

• She carefully trimmed the stems of the cut flowers.
• The plant's thick stem helps it survive in windy conditions.
• Botanists measured the stem diameter to assess the tree's health.

1kül

the powdery residue left after the combustion of organic material

The fireplace left a thin layer of ash on the floor.

• She brushed the ash off her shoes before entering the house.
• Scientists study ash deposits to understand past volcanic eruptions.
• The artist used ash mixed with pigment to create a unique texture in the painting.
• Regulatory agencies monitor airborne ash to protect public health during wildfires.

• volcanic ash · volkanik kül The airplane had to change its route because of volcanic ash.
• ash cloud · kül bulutu The fire produced a thick ash cloud that covered the town.
• turn to ash The old manuscript turned into ash after the fire.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2dişbudak ağacı

a type of deciduous tree belonging to the genus Fraxinus, known for its hardwood and compound leaves

A young ash grew beside the riverbank, thriving in the moist soil.

• The carpenter selected ash for the table because of its smooth grain.
• Researchers are studying ash resistance to pests in urban landscaping.
• During the storm, several ash branches broke and blocked the road.
• The historic estate features an avenue of mature ash trees dating back centuries.

• ash tree · dişbudak ağacı The park was lined with tall ash trees that provided shade in summer.
• ash wood · dişbudak odunu Furniture makers often prefer ash wood for its strength and flexibility.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

ufuk

the line where the earth's surface and the sky appear to meet; the limit of one's knowledge or experience

The sun set behind the distant horizon, painting the sky orange.

• He could see the mountains on the horizon as the plane descended.
• Reading widely helps to expand one's horizons and understand different cultures.
• Economic analysts warn that a recession may be on the horizon if growth stalls.
• Astronomers study the cosmic horizon to understand the limits of observable universe.

• on the horizon · ufukta, yakında A storm is gathering on the horizon.
• beyond the horizon · ufkun ötesinde Scientists are exploring possibilities beyond the horizon of current technology.
• broaden one's horizons She expanded her horizons by traveling to remote countries.
• on the horizon New regulations are on the horizon for the industry.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1gelgit, deniz seviyesi değişimi

the regular rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun

The fishermen check the tide before leaving the harbor.

• She timed her walk on the beach to avoid the high tide.
• During the full moon, the tide rises higher than usual, affecting navigation.

• high tide · yüksek gelgit The beach was covered with shells after the high tide.
• low tide · düşük gelgit During low tide, the tide pools reveal many small marine creatures.
• the tide comes in The tide comes in twice a day.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2akım, eğilim, yönelim

a general direction or tendency of events, opinions, or actions

The tide of public opinion turned against the plan.

• Historians note that the tide of empire expansion slowed after the war.
• Economic analysts observe a tide of uncertainty in the global markets.
• The tide of social media usage has dramatically reshaped communication patterns worldwide.
• Policy makers must recognize the tide of climate urgency to enact effective legislation.

• political tide · siyasi akım The political tide shifted after the election results were announced.
• cultural tide · kültürel eğilim A new cultural tide is encouraging younger artists to experiment with digital media.
• turn the tide · durumu değiştirmek, akışı tersine çevirmek Innovative policies helped turn the tide of unemployment in the region.
• the tide of sth The tide of public opinion is moving toward greater environmental awareness.
• against the tide She pursued her research interests against the tide of mainstream funding priorities.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

hasat

the process of gathering mature crops from the fields

The farmer prepared his equipment for the upcoming harvest.

• Local markets sell fresh produce straight from the harvest.
• Scientists study the harvest data to predict future food supplies.
• During the harvest, many workers travel from distant villages to help.
• Advanced machinery has revolutionized the efficiency of modern harvest operations.

• harvest season · hasat dönemi The harvest season usually begins in late summer.
• harvest yield · hasat verimi Improved irrigation increased the harvest yield this year.
• the harvest of sth The harvest of apples was larger than expected.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1yoğun, sık, sıkışık

having a great amount of something packed closely together; thick or compact in structure.

The garden was filled with a dense thicket of bushes.

• Scientists measured the dense cloud of particles in the lab.
• The professor warned that the chapter is dense with statistical formulas.
• Despite its dense composition, the alloy proved surprisingly lightweight in aerospace applications.

• dense forest · sık ağaçlı orman The hikers struggled to move through the dense forest.
• dense population · yoğun nüfus Tokyo has a dense population compared to many other cities.
• dense material · yoğun madde Engineers tested the dense material for its strength.
• be dense with sth The report is dense with technical jargon.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2anlaşılması zor, karmaşık

containing a lot of information or ideas that are difficult to understand; complex in expression.

The textbook includes dense explanations of quantum mechanics.

• The research paper is dense, making it challenging for undergraduates to grasp.
• When reading the dense paragraph, she had to reread several sentences to understand the main point.
• Critics praised the novel for its dense narrative structure that rewards multiple readings.

• dense text · karmaşık metin The article presents a dense text that requires careful reading.
• dense argument · karmaşık argüman Her dense argument confused the audience during the debate.
• dense terminology · karmaşık terminoloji Legal documents often use dense terminology that laypeople find hard to follow.
• a dense text The book is a dense text on philosophy.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

küçük gölet

a small body of still water, usually smaller than a lake

The children played near the pond during their summer break.

• A family of ducks nested in the quiet pond behind the school.
• The park's pond provides a habitat for many amphibians and insects.
• During the drought, the pond's water level dropped dramatically, alarming locals.
• Environmental scientists measured the pond's pH to assess pollution levels.

• pond water · gölet suyu The pond water was clear and reflected the sky.
• pond life · gölet yaşamı Researchers studied the pond life to monitor ecosystem health.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

anakara

the main area of land of a country, not including its islands

The ferry takes an hour to reach the mainland.

• Prices are higher on the islands than on the mainland.

1solmak, rengi atmak

to gradually lose brightness, color, or intensity

The paint on the fence began to fade after many summers of sun.

• Her memory of the event started to fade as weeks passed.
• The bright neon sign faded into a dull orange during the storm.
• Even the most vivid dreams can fade when you wake up and think rationally.
• Historical documents fade over centuries unless they are carefully preserved.

• fade away · yavaşça kaybolmak The sound of the music faded away as the night grew quiet.
• fade into the background · arkada kalmak, gölgede kalmak His jokes faded into the background while the serious discussion continued.
• fade from sth The colors faded from the old photograph over time.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2azalmak, etkisini yitirmek

to become less strong, distinct, or noticeable over time

The music faded out as the curtains closed on the stage.

• His enthusiasm faded after the project encountered many setbacks.
• The scent of fresh coffee faded into the background once the kitchen door opened.
• Over time, the sharp edges of the argument faded into a more nuanced discussion.
• When the storm passed, the sky's dark clouds faded into a clear, bright horizon.

• fade out · kademeli olarak kapanmak The speaker faded out his voice as the audience grew restless.
• fade into memory · hafızada silikleşmek The details of the conversation faded into memory after a few days.
• fade away The noise slowly faded away.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

evren

the universe regarded as a whole, including all matter and space

The night sky reveals a glimpse of the cosmos.

• Scientists use telescopes to map distant parts of the cosmos.
• The book explains how galaxies are organized within the cosmos.
• Researchers debate whether intelligent life could evolve elsewhere in the cosmos.
• Advanced particle detectors help physicists probe the fundamental structure of the cosmos.

• the cosmos · evren Astronomers study the cosmos to understand its origins.
• explore the cosmos · evreni keşfetmek Future missions aim to explore the cosmos beyond our solar system.
• vast cosmos · engin evren The vast cosmos contains billions of galaxies.
• in the cosmos Life as we know it may exist somewhere in the cosmos.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

uçurum, dipsiz çukur, derin boşluk

a very deep or seemingly bottomless chasm or pit

The climbers stopped when they reached the edge of the abyss.

• She felt like she was staring into an abyss of uncertainty after the exam results.
• The novel describes a dark abyss that threatens to swallow the kingdom.
• His sudden disappearance left an emotional abyss that the family could not fill.

• bottomless abyss · uçsuz bucaksız uçurum The explorers peered into the bottomless abyss and felt a chill.
• gaping abyss · açık uçurum A gaping abyss opened up beneath the collapsing bridge.
• fall into the abyss He seemed to fall into the abyss of despair after losing his job.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

akıntı, akım

a flow of water, air, or electricity moving in a particular direction

The river's current carried the leaves downstream.

• A strong electric current can cause a short circuit in devices.
• Scientists measured the speed of the ocean current near the coast.
• Researchers are modeling how climate change will alter global ocean currents.

• electric current · elektrik akımı The circuit was damaged because of an unexpected electric current.
• ocean current · okyanus akıntısı Marine biologists study how ocean currents affect fish migration.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

gül

a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, known for its fragrant and often colorful blossoms

The garden was full of bright red roses.

• She received a single rose as a token of appreciation.
• Roses require regular watering and sunlight to thrive.
• The perfume's scent reminded him of fresh garden roses.
• Botanists study the genetic diversity of wild rose species across continents.

• rose garden · gül bahçesi She spent the afternoon strolling through the rose garden.
• rose bush · gül çalısı The rose bush in the backyard needs pruning.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

doğal kaynaklar

things such as water, minerals and forests that exist in nature and can be used by people

The country is rich in natural resources.

• We must protect our natural resources.

1akarsu, dere

a small, narrow river flowing continuously in a channel

A small stream runs behind the school garden.

• The children built a tiny dam across the stream to watch the water pool.
• During the hike, we followed the winding stream through the forest.
• Scientists measured the stream's flow rate to assess flood risk in the valley.
• The ancient manuscript describes how the settlement relied on the perennial stream for irrigation.

• mountain stream · dağ akarsuyu The mountain stream rushed down the steep slope after the rain.
• stream bank · akarsu kıyısı We set up a picnic on the stream bank and enjoyed the sound of water.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2akış, canlı yayın, veri akışı

a continuous flow of data, especially over the internet, that can be accessed in real time

The lecture was made available as a stream for students abroad.

• He downloaded the music after the stream ended.
• Researchers analyzed the stream of sensor data to detect anomalies.
• During the crisis, authorities relied on a real-time stream of social-media posts to monitor public sentiment.

• live stream · canlı yayın The conference was broadcast as a live stream for remote participants.
• video stream · video akışı The app supports high-definition video stream on slow connections.
• a live stream I watched the live stream of the concert.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

evren

the totality of all space, time, matter, and energy that exists

The universe began with a massive explosion called the Big Bang.

• Astronomers use telescopes to explore distant parts of the universe.
• Dark matter makes up most of the mass in the universe, yet we cannot see it.
• Philosophers debate whether the universe has a purpose or is purely random.
• Recent research suggests that the universe may be part of a larger multiverse structure.

• the universe · evren Scientists study the origins of the universe.
• vast universe · geniş evren The vast universe contains billions of galaxies.
• expanding universe · genişleyen evren Observations confirm that the expanding universe is accelerating.
• in the universe Life as we know it may be rare in the universe.
• across the universe Radio signals travel across the universe at the speed of light.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

çalı, çalılık

a dense growth of shrubs or small trees, often forming a thicket

A small bush grew beside the garden gate.

• The children played hide-and-seek among the tall bushes.
• Firefighters worked all night to contain the rapidly spreading bush fire that threatened nearby homes.
• Ecologists study how bush ecosystems support biodiversity and protect soil from erosion.

• dense bush · yoğun çalı The hikers struggled to move through the dense bush.
• bush fire · çalı yangını A bush fire spread quickly after the lightning strike.
• bush clearing · çalı temizleme The government funded a bush clearing project to prevent wildfires.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1kök, kök organı

the part of a plant that attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, and absorbs water and nutrients

The gardener examined the root of the tomato plant for signs of rot.

• Scientists study root structures to improve crop yields in dry regions.
• A strong root system helps trees withstand strong winds during storms.
• The botanist explained how root hairs increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
• Researchers discovered a genetic mutation that alters root development in Arabidopsis.

• deep root · derin kök The tree has a deep root system that helps it survive droughts.
• root growth · kök büyümesi Root growth is essential for the plant's overall health.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2kaynak, köken

the basic cause, source, or origin of something

The root of the conflict lies in historical grievances between the two groups.

• She traced the root of her interest in astronomy back to childhood stargazing.
• Understanding the root of the issue helps engineers design better systems.
• The documentary explored the root causes of climate change and possible remedies.
• Philosophers often debate the root of human consciousness and its implications.

• root cause · temel neden Identifying the root cause of the problem is essential for a lasting solution.
• be rooted in sth The problem is rooted in history.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1manzara, doğa görünümü

the visible features of an area of land, including its physical elements and natural scenery.

The hikers admired the beautiful mountain landscape during their trek.

• She studied the landscape of the region to plan her field research.
• The photographer captured the sunrise over the coastal landscape with vivid colors.
• Urban planners are redesigning the landscape of the downtown area to improve livability.

• rural landscape · kırsal manzara The painting captures the peaceful rural landscape of the countryside.
• urban landscape · kentsel manzara The documentary explores how the urban landscape has changed over the past century.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2manzara resmi, peyzaj tablosu

a painting, drawing, or photograph that depicts natural scenery.

The museum's new exhibit showcases classic landscape paintings from the Romantic era.

• He prefers to study landscape photography rather than portrait work.
• Students were assigned to draw a landscape that reflects their hometown's character.
• Critics praised the artist's ability to convey atmospheric depth in his landscape compositions.
• The professor discussed how landscape art can serve as a historical record of environmental change.

• landscape painting · manzara resmi The gallery featured an impressive collection of 19th-century landscape paintings.
• landscape photograph · manzara fotoğrafı She won an award for her striking landscape photograph taken in Iceland.
• paint landscapes He paints landscapes in oils.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

kıyı, sahil

the land along the edge of a sea, lake, or other body of water

The children built sandcastles on the shore during summer vacation.

• A gentle breeze blew over the quiet shore as the sun set.
• Scientists collected water samples from the rocky shore to study pollution levels.
• The novel describes a solitary lighthouse standing guard over a storm-tossed shore.
• Urban planners debated the ecological impact of constructing a promenade along the densely populated shore.

• shore line · kıyı hattı The shore line stretches for miles along the coast.
• shore patrol · kıyı devriyesi The navy increased its shore patrol to prevent smuggling.
• on the shore of sth We set up a picnic on the shore of the lake.
• along the shore She walked along the shore, collecting shells.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yaban hayatı

animals, birds and plants that live in natural conditions

The park is home to a lot of wildlife.

• Pollution is a threat to wildlife.

1büyük körfez, deniz girintisi

a large inlet of the sea that is partly surrounded by land

The fishermen set out early to work in the gulf.

• Tourists enjoy sailing across the calm gulf waters.
• Oil rigs have been installed throughout the gulf region.
• Scientists study the unique ecosystems that thrive in the gulf.
• Political tensions have risen over the ownership of the disputed gulf.

• Gulf of Mexico · Meksika Körfezi The Gulf of Mexico is known for its rich marine life.
• strategic gulf · stratejik körfez Control of the strategic gulf is vital for regional trade.
• the Gulf of … the Gulf of Mexico

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2büyük fark, uçurum

a wide separation or difference between two things, especially ideas or groups

The report highlights a gulf in educational achievement across regions.

• Economic reforms aim to narrow the gulf between urban and rural incomes.
• A gulf of misunderstanding grew after the ambiguous statement.
• Scholars debate the historical gulf that separates ancient and modern practices.
• Efforts to close the digital gulf require substantial investment in infrastructure.

• gulf between rich and poor · zengin ve fakir arasındaki uçurum The gulf between rich and poor continues to widen.
• cultural gulf · kültürel uçurum There is a cultural gulf that hinders effective communication.
• bridge the gulf between sth and sth They tried to bridge the gulf between rich and poor.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

galaksi

a massive system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity

The telescope captured a clear image of a nearby galaxy.

• Researchers measured the rotation speed of the galaxy to estimate its mass.
• A distant galaxy appeared as a faint smudge in the deep-field photograph.
• The study compared star formation rates across several spiral galaxies in different environments.
• Advanced simulations reveal how dark matter influences the large-scale structure of galaxy clusters.

• spiral galaxy · spiral galaksi The Milky Way is a typical spiral galaxy.
• distant galaxy · uzak galaksi Astronomers discovered a distant galaxy billions of light-years away.
• galaxy cluster · galaksi kümesi A galaxy cluster contains hundreds of galaxies bound by gravity.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1avuç içi, elin iç kısmı

the inner surface of the hand between the wrist and the fingers

She lifted her palm to shield her eyes from the sun.

• A small cut on the palm can be painful when typing.
• The surgeon examined the patient's palm for signs of nerve damage.
• During the interview, the candidate kept his palm flat on the table to appear confident.

• palm of the hand · el avucu
• open palm · açık avuç He showed his open palm as a sign of honesty.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2palmiye ağacı

a type of tree with a tall, unbranched trunk and a crown of large, feather-like leaves

A lone palm swayed gently in the desert wind.

• Tourists often take photos beside the iconic palm on the beach.
• The farmer harvested dates from the mature palm last autumn.
• Researchers studied the resilience of palm roots in coastal erosion zones.
• Urban planners recommend planting palms to provide shade in hot, arid cities.

• palm tree · palmiye ağacı The resort was lined with tall palm trees.
• date palm · hurma palmiyesi Date palms thrive in arid climates.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

kanal

a man-made waterway constructed to allow the passage of ships or to convey water for irrigation or drainage

The city opened a new canal to boost tourism and boat traffic.

• Heavy rain caused the canal to overflow, flooding nearby streets.
• Scientists study the canal's ecosystem to monitor water quality changes.
• During the conference, the speaker highlighted how the canal reduced shipping time by 30 percent.
• Future urban planners propose converting the historic canal into a pedestrian green corridor.
• The surgeon repaired the damaged ear canal after the injury.
• Inflammation of the nasal canal often results in a blocked nose.
• Radiologists used MRI to visualize the spinal canal for any abnormalities.
• Researchers discovered a new canal in the brain that may affect hormone regulation.
• Medical students must memorize the locations of major canals to diagnose disorders accurately.

• navigable canal · geçişe uygun su yolu The Panama Canal is a navigable canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• irrigation canal · sulama kanalı Farmers rely on the irrigation canal to water their fields during the dry season.
• ear canal · kulak kanalı The doctor examined the patient's ear canal for signs of infection.
• nasal canal · burun kanalı A deviated nasal canal can cause chronic breathing difficulties.
• build a canal The government plans to build a canal to improve inland transportation.
• the ear canal Wax can block the ear canal.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

mağara

a natural underground chamber, typically large enough for a person to enter

We entered the dark cave after the rain stopped.

• The guide warned us about slippery rocks inside the cave.
• Archaeologists discovered ancient paintings on the walls of the cave.
• Tourists often photograph stalactites and stalagmites in the cave chambers.
• Researchers are studying unique ecosystems that thrive in isolated cave environments.

• explore a cave · bir mağarayı keşfetmek The team plans to explore a cave in the limestone region next summer.
• cave system · mağara sistemi Scientists mapped the extensive cave system beneath the national park.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1ekin

a cultivated plant that is grown as a source of food, fiber, or other products

The wheat crop grew well after the spring showers.

• Local markets sell fresh corn from the current crop.
• Farmers are worried about the upcoming frost damaging the crop.
• Researchers study how climate change will affect the crop yields worldwide.
• Policy makers must consider subsidies to sustain the crop during drought years.

• corn crop · mısır ekini The corn crop this year was affected by drought.
• wheat crop · buğday ekini Farmers expect a high wheat crop after the recent rains.
• protect crops from pests Scientists are developing methods to protect the crop from pests.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2ürün, rekolte, hasat

the total amount of agricultural product harvested from a particular area

The crop yield this season was lower than expected.

• Government reports show a rise in national crop production.
• Farmers use fertilizers to improve the crop yield on their fields.
• Economists analyze how trade policies influence crop production globally.
• Advanced biotechnology promises to dramatically increase crop yield in arid regions.

• crop yield · hasat verimi Improving crop yield is essential for food security.
• a bumper crop Farmers expect a bumper crop this year.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

3kısa saç

a very short haircut, especially for women

She chose a short crop for the hot weather.

• The fashion magazine featured a model with a sleek crop.
• He trimmed his hair into a neat crop before the job interview.
• Stylist recommendations suggest a textured crop for curly hair types.
• Cultural trends show that a bold crop can convey confidence in professional settings.

• short crop · kısa saç She decided to get a short crop for the summer.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

sırt, sırtlık, tepe kenarı

a long narrow elevated landform, often the top of a mountain or hill

The ridge stretched for several kilometers across the landscape.

• She slipped on the icy ridge while climbing the hill.
• Scientists studied the vegetation that grows on the high ridge.
• The ridge provided a natural barrier against the strong winds during the storm.
• Cartographers marked the ridge on the topographic map to aid future expeditions.

• mountain ridge · dağ sırtı The hikers followed the narrow mountain ridge to reach the summit.
• ridge line · sırt hattı The ridge line separates the two valleys below.
• along the ridge We walked along the ridge.
• a mountain ridge They camped on a mountain ridge.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

uçurum

a steep rock face, especially at the edge of the sea or a river

The cliff overlooks the blue ocean.

• Tourists love taking photos at the cliff edge.
• During the storm, the waves crashed against the cliff walls.
• Geologists study the rock layers exposed on the cliff to understand Earth's history.
• The documentary highlighted how climate change is accelerating erosion of coastal cliffs worldwide.

• cliff edge · uçurum kenarı The hikers stopped at the cliff edge to admire the view.
• steep cliff · dik uçurum A steep cliff rises sharply from the coastline.
• cliff face · uçurum yüzeyi Rock climbers often train on a cliff face.
• stand on the edge of a cliff They stood on the cliff and shouted with excitement.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

cevher, maden filizi

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably

The company shipped a large amount of ore to the processing plant.

• Geologists studied the ore to determine its mineral composition.
• Investors are interested in regions with abundant ore reserves.
• The government imposed taxes on ore exports to protect local industries.
• Advanced smelting methods can increase the yield from low-grade ore.

• iron ore · demir cevheri The mine produces high-quality iron ore.
• ore deposit · cevher yatağı Explorers discovered a new ore deposit in the mountains.
• iron ore The mine produces iron ore.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1sığ

having little depth; not extending far down from the surface.

The stream is shallow enough to cross on foot.

• During the hike we found a shallow pool for a quick break.
• Engineers measured the river's shallow sections before building the bridge.
• Scientists noted that the shallow marine zone hosts a unique ecosystem.

• shallow water · sığ su The children played safely in the shallow water near the shore.
• shallow depth · sığ derinlik The lake has a shallow depth in its northern part.

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2yüzeysel

lacking depth of thought, seriousness, or significance; concerned only with superficial aspects.

His comments were shallow and did not address the main issue.

• The article offers a shallow overview of a complex topic.
• Critics argued that the documentary's narrative was shallow and repetitive.
• In graduate seminars, professors discourage shallow interpretations of classic texts.
• The committee rejected the proposal because it provided only a shallow justification for the budget increase.

• shallow analysis · yüzeysel analiz The paper received criticism for its shallow analysis of the data.
• shallow argument · yüzeysel argüman During the debate, he presented only a shallow argument without supporting evidence.
• a shallow person He seems a rather shallow person.

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1yörünge

the curved path in space that a celestial body follows around a planet, star, or other object

The International Space Station circles the Earth in a low orbit.

• Scientists calculated the planet's orbit using telescopic data.
• A comet's highly elliptical orbit can take it far beyond the solar system.
• The satellite's orbit decayed after years of exposure to atmospheric drag.

• stable orbit · istikrarlı yörünge The satellite was placed into a stable orbit around Earth.
• low Earth orbit · düşük Dünya yörüngesi Many communication satellites operate in low Earth orbit.
• go into orbit The satellite went into orbit.

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2etki alanı, çevresi

the sphere of influence or area in which something has power or effect

The think-tank operates in the orbit of government decision-makers.

• Many startups stay within the orbit of larger tech conglomerates.
• Her ideas were always in the orbit of progressive education theories.
• The conference attracted scholars whose work lies in the orbit of sustainability studies.
• Understanding the orbit of market forces helps investors anticipate economic shifts.

• political orbit · politik etki alanı She moved within the same political orbit as the party leader.
• within the orbit of · etki alanı içinde The new policy falls within the orbit of recent environmental reforms.
• in the orbit of sth His research is in the orbit of cognitive psychology.

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mineral

a naturally occurring inorganic solid substance with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure

The museum displayed a collection of colorful mineral specimens for visitors.

• Scientists study mineral composition to understand Earth's geological history.
• The mining company obtained a permit to extract mineral resources from the site.
• Researchers found that the new fertilizer improves crop yield by increasing mineral uptake.
• Advanced spectroscopy techniques allow precise identification of trace minerals in complex samples.

• mineral resources · minerallerden oluşan kaynaklar The country relies heavily on its mineral resources for economic growth.
• mineral water · doğal mineralli su She prefers drinking mineral water because of its taste.
• mineral deposits · minerallerin birikintileri Geologists discovered large mineral deposits in the mountain range.
• mineral water Would you like still or sparkling mineral water?

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yarımada

a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides but remains connected to the mainland

The city sits on a small peninsula.

• Many tourists visit the peninsula during summer.
• The peninsula's coastline stretches for over two hundred kilometers.
• Geologists study how tectonic activity formed the peninsula.
• Historical trade routes often bypassed the peninsula due to its rugged terrain.

• peninsula region · yarımada bölgesi The peninsula region is known for its mild climate.
• peninsula coast · yarımada kıyısı The peninsula coast offers spectacular cliffs and beaches.
• on a peninsula The town is located on a peninsula.
• the tip of the peninsula The lighthouse stands at the tip of the peninsula.

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1dik, sarp

having a sharp or nearly vertical incline; rising or falling sharply.

The hikers paused to catch their breath on the steep trail.

• A steep cliff loomed over the small fishing village.
• The steep gradient made the train's ascent slower than usual.
• Engineers designed a steep ramp to connect the two parking levels efficiently.
• Urban planners warned that the steep topography could increase construction costs significantly.

• steep hill · dik tepe The cyclists struggled up the steep hill during the race.
• steep slope · sarp eğim Construction crews had to reinforce the steep slope to prevent landslides.

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2aşırı, yüksek

excessively high or costly; more than is reasonable or expected.

Students complained about the steep tuition fees at the university.

• The steep price of organic produce discourages budget-conscious shoppers.
• Investors warned that the project's steep cost could jeopardize its profitability.
• Analysts noted that the steep rise in oil prices would affect global markets.
• Policy makers must address the steep increase in healthcare expenses to ensure equity.

• steep price · yüksek fiyat The new smartphone carries a steep price that deters many buyers.
• steep cost · yüksek maliyet Implementing the security system involved a steep cost for the small firm.

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