ODTÜ 302 Span 4

kurtarmak, geri kazanmak

to recover something valuable or usable from loss, damage, or destruction

The divers tried to salvage the cargo from the sunken vessel.

• She salvaged the broken vase by gluing the pieces together.
• After the storm, volunteers salvaged supplies for the displaced families.
• The company salvaged its reputation by issuing a public apology and corrective actions.
• Researchers salvaged valuable insights from the incomplete dataset despite many gaps.

• salvage sth from sth Engineers managed to salvage the data from the corrupted hard drive.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1kültürlü, görmüş geçirmiş

having refined knowledge, experience, and good taste, especially in cultural matters

She traveled across Europe and returned with a sophisticated outlook on art.

• His sophisticated manners impressed everyone at the formal dinner.
• The museum's collection attracted a sophisticated crowd of art lovers.
• After years of study, she became a sophisticated critic of literary works.
• The conference gathered sophisticated professionals who discussed cutting-edge research.

• sophisticated taste · gelişmiş damak zevki She has a sophisticated taste in music and prefers classical compositions.
• sophisticated audience · kültürlü izleyici kitlesi The film was aimed at a sophisticated audience that appreciates subtle storytelling.
• a sophisticated audience The film appeals to a sophisticated audience.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2karmaşık, gelişmiş

characterized by a high degree of complexity or intricacy

The new camera features a sophisticated lens that captures sharp images.

• Engineers designed a sophisticated algorithm to improve data security.
• Her argument was sophisticated, weaving together economics and ethics.
• The company invested in sophisticated analytics to predict market trends.
• Despite its sophisticated appearance, the device is user-friendly for beginners.

• sophisticated system · karmaşık sistem The airline uses a sophisticated system to manage flight schedules.
• sophisticated technology · gelişmiş teknoloji Smartphones incorporate sophisticated technology for facial recognition.
• be sophisticated enough to do sth The software is sophisticated enough to detect subtle anomalies.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

beceriklilik, pratik zekâ, kaynak bulma yeteneği

the quality of being able to find quick and clever ways to overcome difficulties

The student used resourcefulness to finish the assignment on time.

• His resourcefulness helped the group find a solution quickly. (B1)
• During the field trip, their resourcefulness prevented any major setbacks. (B2)
• The manager praised the team's resourcefulness in handling unexpected challenges. (C1)
• Academic research often requires resourcefulness to navigate complex methodological obstacles. (C1)

• demonstrate resourcefulness · kaynak bulma yeteneğini göstermek She demonstrated great resourcefulness in solving the technical problem.
• resourcefulness in crisis · krizdeki kaynak bulma yeteneği His resourcefulness in crisis saved the project from failure.
• resourcefulness in sth The team's resourcefulness in planning led to a successful launch.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

etkileyici

causing admiration through size, quality, or skill; worthy of notice or attention

The museum displayed an impressive collection of ancient artifacts.

• His impressive knowledge of the subject helped the class understand the topic.
• The scientist's impressive achievements were recognized with an international award.
• Despite limited resources, the team delivered an impressive solution to the complex problem.
• Critics praised the novel for its impressive narrative structure and deep thematic insight.

• impressive performance · etkileyici performans The orchestra gave an impressive performance last night.
• impressive results · etkileyici sonuçlar The new teaching method produced impressive results in the test scores.
• be impressive to sb The architecture is impressive to visitors from all over the world.
• find sth impressive She finds his dedication to research truly impressive.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

güvence vermek, temin etmek

to tell someone something positively so that they feel confident that it is true or will happen

The teacher assured the students that the exam would be fair.

• Our company assures customers of high quality products.
• She assured him that the meeting would start on time.
• The ambassador assured the international community that the treaty would be honored.
• Despite the rumors, the scientist assured the public that the findings were reliable.

• assure sb that … He assured the committee that the project would meet the deadline.
• assure sb of sth The doctor assured the patient of a full recovery.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

adamak, (zaman vb.) ayırmak

to give all or most of one's time or resources to a particular activity or purpose

He devotes an hour to reading each day.

• The scientist devoted his research to renewable energy.
• She devoted herself to mastering the piano before college.
• Many activists devote their lives to protecting endangered species.
• The author devoted the final chapter to a nuanced discussion of ethical dilemmas.

• devote time to · zaman ayırmak She devotes time to volunteer work every weekend.
• devote sth to sth/doing sth They devoted their efforts to improving the curriculum.
• devote oneself to doing sth She devoted herself to learning French.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

öz, esas, temel

the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.

The essence of democracy is the respect for individual rights.

• His speech distilled the essence of the research into a few clear points.
• In chemistry, the essence of a substance can be isolated as a pure extract.
• Philosophers have long debated whether the essence of consciousness can be defined.
• The novel's enduring popularity stems from its ability to convey the essence of human experience.

• the essence of · ...nin özü She captured the essence of the novel in her review.
• capture the essence of sth The photographer tried to capture the essence of the city at dawn.
• in essence In essence, the plan is simple.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

saf, toy

lacking experience, wisdom or judgment; easily deceived or misled

The child was naive and believed every story his friends told.

• She gave a naive answer, not realizing the complexity of the issue.
• His naive approach to negotiations caused the company to lose a valuable contract.
• Even though she seemed confident, her naive assumptions about the market were quickly disproved.
• Critics argue that the policy's naive premise overlooks the socioeconomic disparities affecting the population.
• The novel's protagonist has a naive sincerity that endears her to readers.
• His naive charm made him popular among his classmates.
• Although she seemed naive at first, her insights proved surprisingly profound.
• The artist's naive style reflects a deliberate rejection of modernist conventions.
• Scholars debate whether the poet's naive perspective is a conscious literary device or a genuine worldview.

• naive optimism · naif iyimserlik His naive optimism made him ignore the project's risks.
• naive trust · naif güven She placed a naive trust in strangers she met online.
• naive charm · naif çekicilik Her naive charm won the audience's affection during the interview.
• naive sincerity · naif samimiyet The politician's naive sincerity was praised by the voters.
• be naive about sth Many investors are naive about the volatility of cryptocurrency markets.
• it is naive to do sth It is naive to believe everything you read.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1korumak, muhafaza etmek

to keep something in its original or existing state, preventing decay, loss, or change

The family tries to preserve their old traditions during holidays.

• She preserves fresh fruit by storing it in the refrigerator.
• Conservationists aim to preserve the coral reefs for future generations.
• The museum uses climate control to preserve delicate paintings from humidity.
• Legislation was introduced to preserve endangered species and their habitats.

• preserve wildlife · vahşi yaşamı korumak The park was created to preserve wildlife in the region.
• preserve cultural heritage · kültürel mirası korumak Governments invest in projects that preserve cultural heritage.
• preserve sth from sth Scientists work to preserve forests from illegal logging.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2konserve yapmak, saklamak

to treat food or other perishable items so that they can be stored for a long period without spoiling

My aunt preserves tomatoes every summer for the cold months.

• He learned to preserve fish using traditional smoking methods.
• The recipe explains how to preserve jam without added sugar.
• Farmers preserve crops in silos to protect them from pests.
• Modern technology allows us to preserve food with minimal additives.

• preserve fruits · meyveleri konserve etmek Grandma taught us how to preserve fruits in jars.
• preserve vegetables · sebzeleri konserve etmek During the harvest, they preserve vegetables for the winter.
• preserve sth in sth They preserve tomatoes in glass jars with vinegar.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

koruma

the act of keeping something safe from decay, damage, or loss

The park's preservation helps protect local wildlife.

• Preservation of old books is important for libraries.
• Many countries invest in preservation of cultural heritage sites.
• Effective preservation strategies can mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.
• Scholars argue that interdisciplinary preservation policies are crucial for sustaining biodiversity in the Anthropocene.

• cultural preservation · kültürel koruma The museum is dedicated to cultural preservation.
• preservation of wildlife · yaban hayatının korunması Preservation of wildlife is essential for biodiversity.
• preservation efforts · koruma çabaları Government funding supports preservation efforts in the region.
• preservation of sth The preservation of historic buildings requires careful planning.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

eski hâline getirmek, yenilemek

to bring back or reestablish something to its original or former condition

The volunteers helped restore the old library after the fire.

• She hopes to restore her health by following a strict diet.
• The government plans to restore the wetlands to improve biodiversity.
• After months of work, the team finally restored the ancient fresco to its former brilliance.
• Scholars argue that restoring original texts is essential for accurate historical analysis.
• The new administration promised to restore the previous trade agreements.
• After the scandal, the senator was restored to his committee chairmanship.
• International pressure helped restore the country's diplomatic relations.
• The university's board voted to restore the professor's tenure after a lengthy review.

• restore a building · bir binayı yenilemek The city council decided to restore the historic building downtown.
• restore confidence · güveni yeniden sağlamak The new policy aims to restore confidence in the banking system.
• restore rights · hakları geri vermek
• restore order · düzeni yeniden sağlamak Police were deployed to restore order after the protest turned violent.
• restore sth to sth The museum restored the painting to its original frame.
• restore sb to power The army restored the king to power.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yenileme, onarım, restorasyon

the act of returning something to a former, original, or improved condition

The museum opened after a short restoration of the main hall.

• Local volunteers helped with the restoration of the historic park bench.
• The government allocated extra budget for the restoration of war-damaged monuments.
• Experts used advanced laser scanning techniques during the restoration of the frescoes.
• Despite severe weather damage, the interdisciplinary team completed the restoration with minimal loss of original material.

• historic restoration · tarihi yapıların yenilenmesi The historic restoration of the cathedral took five years.
• restoration project · yenileme projesi Funding for the restoration project was approved by the city council.
• restoration work · onarıma yönelik çalışmalar Restoration work on the frescoes began last month.
• carry out the restoration of sth Engineers were hired to carry out restoration of the old bridge.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1ilan etmek, duyurmak

to announce something formally or publicly, often in writing or speech

The teacher declared the exam results on Monday morning.

• He declared his intention to run for student council president.
• After the meeting, the manager declared the new policy to all staff members.
• The scientist declared that the experiment proved the hypothesis beyond doubt.
• International leaders declared a joint effort to combat climate change.

• declare war · savaşa girmek, savaş ilan etmek The country declared war on its neighbor after the border incident.
• declare independence · bağımsızlık ilan etmek In 1776, the colonies declared independence from Britain.
• declare that … She declared that she would finish the project by Friday.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2gümrükte beyan etmek

to state the nature, value, or quantity of goods when entering a country, usually for customs purposes

When arriving in the United States, you must declare any food items you are carrying.

• The courier declared the package's contents to avoid customs delays.
• He forgot to declare the high-value watch, which later caused a fine.
• Customs officers asked the traveler to declare all electronic devices before inspection.
• Failure to declare prohibited items can result in seizure and legal penalties.

• declare goods · malları beyan etmek Travelers must declare goods exceeding the duty-free allowance.
• declare cash · nakit para beyan etmek You are required to declare cash amounts over $10,000 at the airport.
• declare sth at customs She declared the antique vase at customs upon arrival.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yeterli

adequate for the purpose required; enough to meet a need or satisfy a condition.

The water supply is sufficient for the village's needs.

• She has a sufficient amount of money to buy the textbook.
• Researchers consider the sample size sufficient for statistical analysis.
• The evidence presented was sufficient to overturn the previous ruling in the appellate court.

• sufficient evidence · yeterli kanıt The jury found the sufficient evidence convincing.
• sufficient resources · yeterli kaynaklar The project succeeded because it had sufficient resources.
• be sufficient to do sth The data is sufficient to support the hypothesis.
• be sufficient for sth The amount of food was sufficient for the whole group.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yetersiz

not enough in quantity, quality, or degree to meet a need or requirement

The water supply was insufficient for the whole village.

• She found the explanation insufficient and asked for more details.
• Insufficient preparation often leads to poor exam results.
• The report highlighted insufficient resources allocated to the project.
• Despite the team's effort, the funding remained insufficient to complete the research.

• insufficient evidence · yetersiz kanıt The court dismissed the case due to insufficient evidence.
• insufficient funds · yetersiz para The transaction was rejected because of insufficient funds.
• be insufficient for sth The data is insufficient for drawing reliable conclusions.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yeterince

to an adequate degree; enough

The water temperature was sufficiently warm for a quick swim.

• He studied sufficiently hard to pass the midterm exam.
• The proposal was written sufficiently clearly to avoid misunderstandings.
• Researchers must collect data that is sufficiently diverse to represent the population.
• The new policy was sufficiently comprehensive to address most of the stakeholders' concerns.

• sufficiently large · yeterince büyük The sample must be sufficiently large to ensure reliable results.
• sufficiently fast · yeterince hızlı The car accelerated sufficiently fast to pass the traffic light.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

yetersiz bir şekilde

to a degree that is not enough; inadequately

The instructions were insufficiently clear for new users.

• He answered the questions insufficiently, missing several key points.
• The budget was allocated insufficiently, causing delays in the project.
• Despite the teacher's effort, the students were insufficiently motivated to complete the assignment on time.
• The committee's analysis was insufficiently rigorous, leading to questionable conclusions in the final report.

• insufficiently prepared · yetersiz hazırlanmış The team was insufficiently prepared for the sudden rainstorm.
• insufficiently funded · yetersiz fonlanmış The research project remains insufficiently funded despite the grant.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

kaçınılmaz

unable to be avoided or prevented; certain to happen

The rain made the match's cancellation inevitable.

• Many people feel that climate change is an inevitable problem.
• The company's poor decisions led to an inevitable loss of market share.
• Historians argue that the fall of the empire was inevitable given the internal conflicts.
• Despite efforts to intervene, the economic recession proved inevitable in the long term.

• inevitable outcome · kaçınılmaz sonuç The new policy led to an inevitable outcome of higher costs.
• inevitable decline · kaçınılmaz düşüş Experts warned of the inevitable decline in the species' population.
• it is inevitable that … It is inevitable that prices will rise.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

üstesinden gelmek, aşmak

to successfully deal with or gain control over something difficult

She overcame the language barrier quickly.

• The scientists overcame many setbacks during the experiment.
• He had to overcome his doubts before applying for the scholarship.
• Despite the harsh climate, the explorers overcame numerous hardships to reach the summit.
• By employing innovative strategies, the organization overcame systemic inefficiencies that had plagued it for years.

• overcome obstacles · engel aşmak She managed to overcome obstacles during her research.
• overcome difficulties · zorlukları aşmak The team overcame difficulties to finish the project on time.
• overcome fear · korkunun üstesinden gelmek He had to overcome fear before giving the presentation.
• overcome a problem She overcame many problems to succeed.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1istihdam etmek, işe almak

to hire someone to work for wages or a salary

The small shop employs three people during the summer.

• Many companies employ interns to gain fresh ideas.
• During the recession, firms often employ temporary workers to cut costs.

• employ staff · personeli istihdam etmek The company plans to employ new staff next quarter.
• employ a worker · bir işçiyi işe almak They decided to employ a worker for the night shift.
• employ sb to do sth She employed a consultant to improve the marketing strategy.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2kullanmak, faydalanmak

to make use of something for a particular purpose

Teachers often employ games to keep students engaged.

• The engineer employed a simple circuit to test the hypothesis.
• Companies employ data analytics to improve decision-making.
• Researchers employed sophisticated algorithms to model climate change.
• The committee employed a multi-step review process to ensure fairness.

• employ a method · bir yöntemi kullanmak Scientists employ a new method to measure atmospheric gases.
• employ techniques · teknikleri kullanmak The artist employs various techniques to create texture.
• employ sth for sth They employ drones for aerial photography.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

organ nakli, doku nakli

the surgical procedure of moving an organ or tissue from one body to another or from one part of the body to another

The doctor explained the risks of a transplant to the family.

• She was placed on the waiting list for a liver transplant.
• Advances in immunology have improved transplant success rates.
• Ethical debates arise when allocating scarce transplant organs.

• kidney transplant · böbrek nakli She underwent a successful kidney transplant last month.
• heart transplant · kalp nakli The surgeon performed a heart transplant on the patient.
• organ transplant program · organ nakli programı The hospital launched a new organ transplant program to increase donor rates.
• have a transplant He had a heart transplant.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

nakil

the surgical procedure of moving an organ or tissue from one body to another or to a different location within the same body

The hospital performed a kidney transplantation last night.

• She was placed on the waiting list for heart transplantation.
• Scientists study animal models to improve transplantation outcomes.
• Ethical debates arise when considering transplantation from living donors.
• Long-term immunosuppressive therapy is required after transplantation.
• The city council approved a large-scale tree transplantation project.
• Gardeners often perform transplantation in early spring.
• Transplantation of mature shrubs can be risky without proper equipment.
• Researchers study transplantation techniques to improve urban greening efforts.
• Successful transplantation of rare species helps preserve biodiversity in changing climates.

• organ transplantation · organ nakli Advances in organ transplantation have increased donor organ survival rates.
• tissue transplantation · doku nakli Researchers are exploring tissue transplantation for skin regeneration.
• tree transplantation · ağaç nakli Tree transplantation requires careful root preservation.
• successful transplantation · başarılı nakil The garden's successful transplantation of mature oaks impressed the visitors.
• undergo transplantation The patient will undergo transplantation next month.
• carry out transplantation The horticulturist will carry out transplantation of the saplings tomorrow.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

nakletmek, nakil yapmak

to move an organ, tissue, or cell from one body or location to another, typically for medical purposes

The doctor will transplant the liver next week.

• Scientists successfully transplanted stem cells into the mouse model.
• She hopes to transplant a healthy kidney after months of waiting.
• The team transplanted the engineered tissue into the patient's arm to restore function.
• Ethical debates arise whenever researchers consider transplanting animal organs into humans.

• transplant an organ · bir organ nakletmek
• transplant tissue · doku nakletmek Researchers are working to transplant tissue engineered in the lab.
• transplant sth into sb Doctors transplanted the heart into a donor body.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1zorluk, pürüz, güçlük

a state of being complex or difficult to understand, often involving unexpected problems

The new software introduced a complication that confused many users.

• His careless remarks created an unnecessary complication during the meeting.
• We need to address the complication before the project can move forward.
• The diplomatic negotiation faced several complications that required expert mediation.
• Despite the initial complication, the researchers eventually found a viable solution.

• complication in the plan · planda ortaya çıkan karmaşa The sudden budget cut added a complication in the plan.
• avoid complications · karmaşalardan kaçınmak She tried to avoid complications by following the instructions carefully.
• a further complication There is a further complication.
• lead to complications Improper handling may lead to complications later on.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2komplikasyon

an undesirable secondary condition that occurs during the course of a disease or after a medical treatment

The doctor warned her about possible complications after the procedure.

• Complications arose when the infection spread to nearby tissues.
• Researchers are studying ways to reduce complications in heart surgery.
• Despite the complications, the clinical trial showed promising results.
• Long-term complications of the disease can affect multiple organ systems.

• post-operative complications · ameliyat sonrası komplikasyonlar The patient experienced several post-operative complications.
• risk of complications · komplikasyon riski Smoking increases the risk of complications after surgery.
• develop complications She developed complications after surgery.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

kırılgan, hassas

easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; not strong or durable

The vase is fragile, so please place it carefully on the shelf.

• She felt fragile after the long illness and needed rest.
• Scientists warned that the coral reef is fragile and cannot withstand heavy pollution.
• Investors are cautious because the market remains fragile after the recent downturn.
• The diplomat emphasized that the fragile peace could collapse if any side violates the agreement.

• fragile glass · kırılgan cam Handle the fragile glassware with extra care.
• fragile economy · kırılgan ekonomi The country's fragile economy struggled to recover after the crisis.
• fragile peace · kırılgan barış Negotiators worked hard to maintain the fragile peace between the parties.
• remain fragile Despite the improvements, the ecosystem will remain fragile for years.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1bozmak, aksatmak

to cause an interruption or break in the normal flow of something

The construction work disrupted the daily bus schedule.

• A minor glitch disrupted the live broadcast for a few minutes.
• Economic sanctions can disrupt international trade relations.
• The unexpected software bug disrupted the data analysis process.
• Political unrest often disrupts the functioning of public institutions.

• disrupt the market · pazarı bozmak The new app is expected to disrupt the market within a year.
• disrupt communication · iletişimi kesintiye uğratmak Heavy rain can disrupt communication between the islands.
• disrupt traffic The strike disrupted traffic in the city.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2düzeni sarsmak

to cause a radical change that unsettles an existing system or order

The sudden policy shift disrupted the order of the legislative process.

• Social media can disrupt traditional practices in political campaigning.
• Economic crises often disrupt the order of financial markets.
• The introduction of AI tools is disrupting the order of many professional fields.
• Historical revolutions have repeatedly disrupted the order of societies worldwide.

• disrupt the order · düzeni sarsmak The coup attempt aimed to disrupt the order of the government.
• disrupt traditional practices · geleneksel uygulamaları bozmak Digital platforms are disrupting traditional practices in journalism.
• disrupt the market The new app disrupted the taxi market.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1hafif, belli olmayan, ince

not obvious; so delicate or precise as to be difficult to notice or analyze

The painter used subtle shades to create depth in the landscape.

• Her smile was subtle, barely revealing her true feelings.
• Scientists detected a subtle change in the climate data over decades.
• The diplomat's subtle negotiation tactics prevented an escalation of the conflict.
• Literary critics praised the novel for its subtle exploration of identity and memory.

• subtle difference · ince fark There is a subtle difference between the two theories.
• subtle hint · hafif ipucu She gave a subtle hint that she wanted to leave early.
• a subtle difference There is a subtle difference between the two.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2kurnaz, ince zekâlı, dolaylı

cleverly indirect; using fine distinctions or indirect methods to influence or convey meaning

His subtle humor often goes unnoticed by those who are not attentive.

• The researcher employed a subtle methodology to avoid bias in the experiment.
• Politicians sometimes use subtle language to appeal to different voter groups.
• The film's director used subtle symbolism to convey the protagonist's inner turmoil.
• In advanced rhetoric courses, students learn to craft subtle arguments that persuade without overt aggression.

• subtle argument · ince, kurnaz argüman The essay presented a subtle argument that challenged conventional wisdom.
• a subtle hint She gave him a subtle hint.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

çok önemli, hayati

of great importance in determining the outcome of something; essential.

The deadline is approaching, making the final edit crucial.

• Understanding the data is crucial for accurate analysis.
• His testimony proved crucial in the courtroom trial.
• The researchers identified a crucial variable that affected the results.
• Policy makers must recognize the crucial impact of renewable energy on future economies.

• crucial decision · hayati karar The board faced a crucial decision about the merger.
• crucial role · kritik rol She played a crucial role in the project's success.
• crucial factor · belirleyici faktör Economic stability is a crucial factor for investment.
• be crucial to sth Good communication is crucial to effective teamwork.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

hayati derecede

to a very important degree; in a way that is essential for the result

She played a crucially supportive role during the negotiation.

• The report highlighted that funding was crucially insufficient for the study.
• In the final analysis, the evidence proved crucially relevant to the theory.
• Policy makers must consider that climate change is crucially linked to economic stability.

• crucially important · çok önemli The discovery was crucially important for the research project.
• crucially needed · çok gerekli Accurate data is crucially needed to validate the hypothesis.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

korumak, tutmak

to keep something in possession, use, or memory; to continue to have something

The teacher used flashcards so students could retain the new vocabulary.

• After the merger, the firm worked hard to retain its key employees.
• Scientists aim to retain the original structure of the protein during analysis.
• The museum implemented climate control to retain the paintings' colors over decades.
• Despite the complex theory, the professor explained it clearly enough for the class to retain the core concepts.

• retain information · bilgiyi korumak Students need effective study techniques to retain information.
• retain control · kontrolü sürdürmek The manager managed to retain control of the project despite setbacks.
• retain control of sth The family retained control of the company.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

(to ile) tabi, bağlı, maruz

being under the control or influence of something; liable to be affected by

The new law is subject to judicial review.

• All employees are subject to the company's code of conduct.
• The price of oil is subject to fluctuations in the global market.
• Her visa status is subject to renewal before the expiration date.
• The research findings are subject to rigorous peer review before publication.

• subject to · bağlı, tabi The contract is subject to approval by the board.
• subject to change · değişebilir, değişime açık The schedule is subject to change without notice.
• be subject to sth Students are subject to the university's attendance policy.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

baskı, zulüm

the unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power over a group of people

The government's policies created oppression for the local community.

• Many scholars write about oppression in historical contexts.
• Students discussed oppression during the sociology lecture.
• International NGOs monitor oppression and report violations worldwide.
• The novel vividly portrays the psychological effects of long-term oppression.

• systemic oppression · sistematik baskı The study examined systemic oppression in the criminal justice system.
• racial oppression · ırksal baskı Racial oppression has deep roots in many societies.
• fight against oppression They fought against oppression.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

tartışma, görüş ayrılığı

a prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion about a topic

The new law caused controversy among local residents.

• Many students joined the debate, turning the issue into a heated controversy.
• Media outlets amplified the controversy by publishing conflicting reports.
• Scholars argue that the controversy reflects deeper societal tensions.
• Despite extensive research, the controversy remains unresolved in the academic community.

• spark controversy · tartışma başlatmak The scientist's new theory sparked controversy among his peers.
• public controversy · kamuoyu tartışması The policy has become a public controversy.
• be at the center of a controversy The minister is at the center of a controversy.
• cause controversy The film caused controversy.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

tartışmalı, görüş ayrılığına yol açan

causing or likely to cause public disagreement or heated debate

The new school policy is controversial among parents.

• Scientists debate the controversial findings of the experiment.
• Her controversial remarks attracted media attention.
• The film's controversial scenes led to censorship in several countries.
• Despite its controversial nature, the proposal was eventually approved by the committee.

• controversial issue · tartışmalı konu The new tax law became a controversial issue among economists.
• controversial topic · tartışmalı konu Climate change is a controversial topic in some political circles.
• controversial decision · tartışmalı karar The board's controversial decision sparked protests.
• be considered controversial Many scholars consider the theory controversial.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

ahlaki doğruluk, edep, uygunluk

the quality of behaving in a socially acceptable and morally proper way

He always tries to act with decency in everyday situations.

• The teacher praised the student's decency for admitting the error.
• Maintaining decency at work helps create a respectful environment for everyone.
• Public officials are expected to uphold a high level of decency when making policy decisions.
• The novel explores how societal expectations of decency can conflict with personal freedom in a rapidly changing culture.

• maintain decency · ahlaki doğruluğu sürdürmek The committee worked hard to maintain decency in the public debate.
• show decency · edep göstermek He decided to show decency by apologizing for his mistake.
• question of decency · edep meselesi The advertisement raised a question of decency among viewers.
• common decency It's a matter of common decency.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

düzgün, makul, saygın, uygun

conforming to acceptable standards of behavior or quality; respectable

The restaurant offers decent meals at reasonable prices.

• She found a decent apartment close to the university campus.
• His performance was decent, but the professor expected more depth.
• Despite limited resources, the research team produced decent results that impressed the reviewers.
• The committee praised the candidate for her decent demeanor and thorough analytical skills during the interview.

• decent income · makul gelir She earns a decent income as a graphic designer.
• decent living · iyi yaşam The scholarship provides students with a decent living while they study.
• be decent enough to do sth He was decent enough to apologize for his mistake.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1anlaşma yapmak

to enter into a legally binding agreement

He refused to contract with a company that had poor reviews.

• After months of talks, they finally contracted for the research grant.

• contract with sb She contracted with a freelance designer for the project.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2büzülmek, daralmak, küçülmek

to become smaller or tighter, often as a result of pressure or tension

Metal contracts as it cools.

• His shoulders contracted as he lifted the heavy box.
• When the temperature drops, metal contracts and becomes brittle.
• The economy began to contract after the sudden drop in consumer confidence.
• Scientists observed that the polymer contracts under high pressure in the laboratory.

• contract muscles · kasları büzmek
• contract the market · piyasayı daraltmak

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

oluşturmak, meydana getirmek

to make up or form something, especially as a part of a whole

The ten chapters constitute the entire textbook.

• Women now constitute a larger share of the workforce than ever before.
• These findings constitute strong evidence for the new hypothesis.
• The diverse cultures within the empire constitute a complex social fabric that challenges simple classification.

• constitute a majority · çoğunluğu oluşturmak The opposition parties together constitute a majority in parliament.
• constitute an example · örnek teşkil etmek His behavior constitutes an example of how not to act in a crisis.
• constitute a threat to sth The plan constitutes a threat to wildlife.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

ücret, maaş

the regular payment received for work or services performed

He receives a low wage for his part-time job.

• The union is demanding higher wages for all members.
• After graduating, she secured a job with a competitive wage package.
• Economic analysts predict that wage growth will slow down next year.
• Despite the company's profits, the board refused to adjust the wage structure for senior staff.

• wage increase · maaş artışı The company announced a 5% wage increase for all employees.
• minimum wage · asgari ücret Many countries are debating whether to raise the minimum wage.
• wage gap · ücret farkı Researchers are studying the wage gap between men and women.
• earn a wage She earns a modest wage as a retail assistant.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

1meşru, yasal

conforming to law or to rules; recognized as lawful or valid

The contract was signed by a legitimate representative of the company.

• Students raised a legitimate question about the grading criteria.
• International law recognizes the country's legitimate borders.
• The court examined whether the evidence was obtained through legitimate means.
• Critics argued that the merger lacked legitimate justification under antitrust regulations.

• legitimate authority · meşru otorite Only a legitimate authority can issue such a decree.
• be considered legitimate The new policy is considered legitimate by most experts.
• a legitimate reason Do you have a legitimate reason?

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey

2gerçek, hakiki

genuine; truly what it claims to be, not false or spurious

The museum displayed a legitimate artifact from the ancient period.

• He offered a legitimate explanation for his sudden departure.
• The journalist verified that the interview was from a legitimate source.
• During the debate, she highlighted the legitimate concerns of the minority group.
• The committee's decision was praised for being based on legitimate evidence.

• legitimate source · güvenilir kaynak Researchers must cite a legitimate source when publishing their findings.
• legitimate reason · hakiki neden She had a legitimate reason for missing the meeting.

sb: birisi · sth: bir şey